workshop.001

34) International collaboration of researchers
    developing TCP/IP - 10 research groups
    working 1973-1980 and others working together
    as well

35) Non-commmercial research basis.
    

36) June '75 Satellite circuits cross oceans to Hawaii and UK
    First TCP implementation tested in configuration by Stanford,
    BBN and UCL.

    April '79 multiple satellite links to UK and Norway

    March '82 Norway leaves Net and becomes an Internet connection

    November 82 - UCL leaves Net and becomes an Internet connection


37) ARPANET used to develop TCP/IP
    SATNET created as packet satellite network

    o Research on TCP transitioned from ARPANET to SATNET
    
    o Satellite Program Working Papers Issued to document
      "Ideas, specific investigations, and results and software
      and hardware specifications."

    o Regularly scheduled meetings of the Packet Satellite Program
      (PSP) and of the Packet Switching Protocol group (PSP)

    o Meeting rotated through the institutions and countries
      where researchers worked.

    o Use of email and the network to support collaboration
      and communication between meeting times.

38) By mid 1975 Packet Satellite Progeam (PSP) 
    initiated by IPTO.

39) SATNET began as integral part of ARPANET but 
    as research evolved, SATNET became a free standing
    separate network. The devices connecting
    SATNET to the ARPANET were called gateways

40) "Bob Kahn's real contribution here was to recognize
    in 1974 the conceptual need of these gateways and
    to design them on a level which would endure."
                  Peter Kirstein

41) Development of the mid '70s "the ability to
    create relays and gateways between networks
    to allow different technologies to be 
    interconnected -- without a complete capitulation
    by each group to adopt the US and Internet Suite"
                  Peter Kirstein

42) "Some like DECNET and BITNET capitulated in the late '80s;
    others like the British networks, stayed different
    until the early '90s. However, it was because they
    were interconnected and IP was then demonstrated
    to be better that it really won the war."
                  Peter Kirstein


43) "I was ordered by 1977 (by people in our research council)
    to stop work on IP networks, because they were contray
    to the British activities. It was only because of support
    from other bodies in the UK and US, and because I could
    continue to work with the IP networks connected to the 
    favoured British flavours, that the large-scale
    experimental services could continue over the next 
    10-12 years."
                 Peter Kirstein

44) "(I)n the 1970s, I initiated a broadcast packet 
    satellite (SATNET) experiment on Intelsat IV with
    the first participants being the U.S. and UK.
    The third participant (of what eventually were five 
    participants) was Norway. We were already conducting
    internet experiments over SATNET in the late 1970s
    using TCP/IP."
                 Bob Kahn


45) "In the early 1980s, we decided to rely solely on
    SATNET for connectivity with Europe and thus the 
    two 9.6 kbps lines, which were running in parallel
    with SATNET connections, were decommissioned.

46) Five nations

    US
    UK
    Norway
    Germany
    Italy

47) Three different networking technologies under development
    by ARPA/IPTO in the 1970s:

    o The ARPANET 1969 -->

    o The Packet Radio Network (PRNET); 1973 -->

    o A packet satellite network, called SATNET; 1976-1979

                    Paal Spilling

48) "This implies that the need for a protocol that could
    connect these diverse networks was recognized early on
    and that resulted in the paper by Cerf and Kahn
    'A Protocol for Packet Network Intercommunication'."
                              Paal Spilling


49) The creation of SATNET was the creation of the Internet

   "When SATNET development was ending in 1979 and the TCP/IP
    protocols were matured sufficient, SATNET was used as
    a means to interconnect local area networks in Norway,
    England, Germany and Italy with the ARPANET, which
    interconnected many LANS scattered all over the US
    continent."
                 Paal Spilling


50) "This constellation formed the INTERNET with capital
    letters, interconnecting defence institutions and
    research institutions with military contract..."
                  Paal Spilling

   

51) "This was not a link over ARPANET. It was a connection
    using SATNET, which was a broadcast satellite system...
    This is if you like an ETHERNET IN THE SKY with drops
    in Norway (actually routed via Sweden) and then the UK and 
    later Germany and Italy."
                 Bob Kahn

52) NDRE and UCL had been experimenting with TCP/IP before
    the cutover to TCP/IP took place on the ARPANET in 
    January 1983. Therefore until then, NDRE and UCL had
    two paths they could use. They could still use
    NCP over the ARPANET links...and in parallel TCP/IP
    could be used over SATNET. Once the ARPANET links
    were dismantled, they had only the SATNET remaining.

53) When ARPANET nodes serving UK and Norway were decommisioned,
    researchers in these countries had to use TCP/IP over SATNET.

54) When the ARPANET cutover to TCP/IP in January 1983,
    it was a different protocol over the ARPANET (i.e. TCP/IP
    instead of NCP)...."In effect, everyonew on the 
    ARPANET was now Internet enabled since they could talk
    with anyone else with TCP/IP on the Internet." Bob Kahn