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XhXhX!-8`XXdd8  _#ddd% n _ X.^0M=9n| %`   @EX%%.%a ߀dXXXkXԀFall/Winter1994@XTheNetizensandtheInternet%Volume6No23#kX`XXdX#Ԁ   >X`XXkX` Forthesocietytheimpactwillbegoodorbaddependingmainlyonthequestion:Willtobeonlinebeaprivilege  X  oraright?     `   0     h    8      p J.C.R.LickliderandRobertW.Taylor  D  (hX%X%(% D % O    X"XX>X`DXX"WhatisaNetizen?<D   X`X<A9+)Op dEOp A t  % /     Inconductingresearchonlinetodeterminepeople's t usesfortheglobalcomputercommunicationsnetwork ` (i.e.,theNet(1))Ibecameawarethattherewasanew L  socialinstitutiondevelopingandIgrewexcitedatthe 8  prospectsofthisnewsocialinstitution.Inresponseto $  theexcitementIdiscoveredfromthosewhowroteme   (andwhichIalsoexperienced),IfeltthatthepeopleI   waswritingaboutwerecitizensoftheNet.Sometimes  peopleontheNetwouldcallusersoftheNet,a | А_net.citizen_Ԁ(readnetcitizen).ThisideaItransformedinto h NetCitizen,whichinshortenedformisNetizen. T   NetizensareNetCitizenswhoutilizetheNetfrom @ theirhome,workplace,school,library,orotherloca , tions.Thesepeopleareamongthosewhopopulatethe p Netandmakeitahumanresource.TheseNetizenskX`XXX`Ԁpar \ ticipatetohelpmaketheNetbothanintellectualanda H socialresource.#X`XXkX`G # 4 kX`XXX`  TheNetizens'communityhighlightstheimportance#X`XXkX` #kX`XXX`   #X`XXkX` #kX`XXX`ofusingthecurrentstate(circa1994)oftheInternet#X`XXkX` #  ! @/  TableofContents "   _   WhatisaNetizen?  \8.HHPage1 #x! Licklider'sVisionandtheFuture  \8. -Page3 $d" NetCulturalAssumptions  \8. $Page7 %P# EtiquetteandtheInternet[8.< < &Page10 &<$ EthicsandtheInternet[8.^ ^ #Page12 '(%  TheInternetSociety[8. Page12 l(&! TheInternet:MaintainingDiversity[8.v v /Page15 X)'" DoYouWanttoLoseYourVoice?[8.p p +Page18 D*'# TheNet:AScientificPerspective[8.  .Page19 0+($ BookProposal[8.Page20 ,)% Netizens:TheImpactoftheNet[8.\ \ +Page22 -*& RightsofNetizens[8.((Page35 -+'   kX`XXX`/NSFnet#X`XXkX`#kX`XXX`/Usenet/etc.asamodelfortheupcoming t ' NII(2).Inorderto#X`XXkX`#kX`XXX`Ԁdothis,itisnecessarytobeawareof ` ( thehistoryoftheNet.#X`XXkX`#ԀVarioustextsforthisexist:The L ) NetizensandtheWonderfulWorldoftheNet"An 8* Anthology(i.e.thenetbook)containsthehistoricalper $+ spectiveandsocialcontextneededtounderstandthe , advancerepresentedbytheglobaltelecommunications - network.Thenetbookisforthosewhowanttocon . tributetothecareandnurtureoftheNet.(3) |/   TheNSFnetAcceptableUsePolicy(AUP)hasbeen h0 avaluableregulationwhichhelpedtodefinetheNSFnet T1 (thebackboneoftheU.S.portionoftheglobalInternet) @2 asaresourcebasedonsharingviaaneducationalorien ,3 tation.ThisorientationexistsontheNetratherthanthe p4 moretraditioncommercialprofitorientedmodel.This \5 regulationhashelpedtheNettogrow. H6   MoreinformationaboutNetizensis TheNetand 47 theNetizens:TheImpacttheNethasonPeople'sLives  8 whichappearsinthisissue.Thepaperisalsoavailable  9 elsewhereonlineinseveralforms.(4) : [EditorsNote:InSeptember1993,theU.S.government !x< setupanadvisorycommitteeundertheU.S.Department "d = ofCommercetoadviseitonthefutureoftheU.S. #P!> segmentoftheInternet.Thisworkwasdoneunderwhat $<"? wascalledtheNII(theNationalInformationInfrastruc %(#@ ture).Aspartof_classwork_Ԁinacollegecourseseveral l&$A studentswereaskedtoproposethepolicyconcerningthe X'%B NIIthatwouldrepresenttheinterestsofdifferentstrata D(%C ofU.S.society.Whatfollowsisonestudent'sproposal 0)&D forprinciplesrepresentingtheNetizens'interestsforthe *'E futuredevelopmentoftheNet.Fortheclassthefollow +(F ingareasofconcernwerelisted,andtheinterestsof +)G variousstrata(suchasthebusinesscommunity,the ,*H educationcommunity,andsoonweredescribed).The -t+I areastobediscussedwereprivacy,equity,intellectual X property,implementationstrategy,vision,andadditional D Аthoughts.] 0  ANetizenPositiononPrivacy     TheNetisatooltohelppeoplecommunicateopen  ly.Assuch,concernsaboutprivacyandsecurityshould  besecondarytokeepingtheprincipleofopennessactive t andfeasible.SotheClipperChipshouldbeopposed,but  ` emphasisshouldbegiventothegovernmentalprotection  L  offreedomofspeechandequalopportunitytoconnect  8  toopenareas,andtowardstheguidanceofNetcitizens | $  tocontributetothewhole.InoppositiontotheClipper h   Chip,thegovernmentshouldbetoldwhatitshouldbe T  doingratherthanwhatitshouldn'tbedoing. @   ANetizenPositiononEquity/Access     Accessshouldbemadeavailableinpublicloca  tions;libraries,communitycenters,schools,etc.Local  phonenumbersshouldbeavailableforhomeusersto  connecttothenetworkusingmodems. p  ANetizenPositiononIntellectualProperty  H   Netizensshouldbeencouragedtosubmitcreative 4 worksandideasintothepublicdomain,ratherthan x  attempttogainprofitfromtheseideas.Protectionshould d  beenforcedsothatothersdontmakeaprofitoffof P theseideas.Asawhole,ideasaremostoftenbuiltupon < ideasofothers.Assuch,itishardtoproperlycreditthe ( originofworksorideastoasingleindividual.The  cultureofsharingbestpromotesthefreecreationand  buildingofideasuponotherideas.Thenewcapability  tocooperateandcontributemadepossiblebytheNet   shouldbefullyrealized.  l!  ANetizenPositiononFunctionalityandStandard "D # OperatingAbility  #0!$ ЀEqualabilitytoaccessismoreimportantthanhigh t$"% bandwidthforhighintensityapplications(suchas `%#& graphics).Itismuchmoreimportanttoconnectthe L&#' peopleoftheworldviatext(andftp/httpforlimited 8'$( graphics,etc.)thantohaveafewconnectedwithhigh $(%) graphicscontent. )&*   Standardsshouldbesetsoalmostanypersonal )'+ computertypecanconnectinforbasictextexchange. *(,  ANetizenPositiononImplementationStrategy  ,h*.   Globalcommunitynetworksshouldbeinstalledor -T+/ extendedandoperatedasapublicservicetocommunity .@,0 members.Theycouldbeoperatedbylocalgovernment, X0 oracollaborationbetweenlocalgovernment,public D1 universitiesandotherpublicentities.Thefederalgov 02 ernmentshouldcontinuetofundtheinterconnecting 3 lines.Peopleshouldbeabletologintoaterminalfrom 4 apubliclibraryorcommunitycenterorbeabletocall 5 alocalphonenumberfromtheirhometoconnecttothe 6 communitynetwork.Thecommunitynetworksshould t7 enablepeopletouseglobalnetworkresourcessuchas  `8 UsenetNews,e-mail,telnet,ftp,www,gopher.  L9   Anotherpossiblemodelistomakenetworkaccess  8 : pointsfromwhichtoconnecttotheworld,andcom | $ ; munityuseformaroundthem.(5) h  <  ANetizenVision  @ >   GlobalCommunityNetworkswouldallowcitizens , ? ofacommunitytoconnecttotheGlobalComputer @ CommunicationsNetwork.Thisenablescommunity A memberstocommunicatewithothersintheircom B munityandwiththeworld.Inaddition,communitynet C worksoftenfacilitatecommunicationsanddistribution pD ofinformationbetweencitizensabouttheirlocalandna \E tionalgovernments.Indemocraticcountries,thismight HF facilitateagreaterroleforcitizensinthegovernmental 4G process.Globalcommunitynetworkaccessshouldbe x H onlyavailableforthosewhoareactingasrepresentatives d I ofthemselvesandtheirideastowardacooperativegoal PJ suchaseducationorresearchthatwillservethewhole <K network.Thoseintheprivatesectorwhoareonlyin (L terestedinadvancingtheirownprofitshouldhaveto M gainaccesstotheNetworkviaotheravenues.Thepublic N sectorshouldnotbeaskedtosubsidizetheprivatesec O tor'sprofitmakingpurposes. P   Theconceptofglobalcommunitynetworkingwill  lQ enablepeoplearoundtheworldtoconnecttotheNet, !XR andintheprocessconnecttootherNetizensfromaround "D S theworld.Thisinturnwouldhelpfurtherthegrowthof #0!T theNetbyconnectingadiversityofpeoplewhohave t$"U variousopinions,specialitiesandinterests.Thisworld `%#V wideconnectionofpeopleandotherinformationre L&#W sourcesofdifferentsortswillhelptheworldmove 8'$X forwardinsolvingdifferentsocietalproblems. $(%Y  A9+) ,-dEX,-ATheVisionBehindtheConceptofGlobal )'[ CommunityNetworking  *(\   ANetwhichwillgrowtoencompassallpossible +|)] resourcesinordertofacilitatethefreeflowofinforma ,h*^ tionsharing. -T+_  .@,` Notes: X (1)TheNetequalsInternet/Usenet/_Bitnet_/_Fidonet_/etc. D (2)TheNIIistheU.S.government'sproposalfora 0   NationalInformationInfrastructure.  (3)TheNetizensandtheWonderfulWorldoftheNet"-    AnAnthologyisavailableontheNetandisabbrev    _iated_Ԁasthenetbook.  (4)TheNetizensmaterialisavailableatthefollowing t   sites:  ` V XX`gopher://gopher.cic.net/1/eserials/archive/alphabetic/a/amateur  L    _computerist_/netbook h   ftp://wuarchive.wustl.edu/doc/misc/acn/netbook/ch.7_Netizen ,  http://scrg.cs.tcd.ie/scrg/u/rcwoods/netbook/contents.html   #X`X V7#  OtherhelpfultextsincludeTheOriginsofRFCsby H  StephenD.CrockerinRFC1000: 4  ЀV XX`gopher://ds2.internic.net/00/rfc/rfc1000.txt#X`X V9# x  TheUsenetHistoryArchivesisaccessibleviaanon d  ymousftpatV XX`_weber.ucsd.edu_#X`X V:#ԀinthedirectoryV XX`Ԁ/pub/usenet.hist#X`X V;;# P   Netnewsnewsgroupsofinterest: ( _alt.amateur_-comp"Discussionofamateurandgrass  Ѐrootsuseofcomputersandcomputernetworkingfor  Ѐthosewhowanttoseesuchaccessspread.  _alt.culture.internet_Ԁ"ThecultureoftheInternet  _alt.culture.usenet_Ԁ"TheUsenetcommunity l _alt.current_-_events.net_-abuse"Discussionofwhatcon X Ѐ_stitutes_Ԁ netabuse D kX`XXX`alt.folklore.computers"Storiesandanecdotesabout 0 Ѐcomputers,historicaldiscussionetc. t #X`XXkX`>#_alt.internet.media_-coverage"Discussionofmedia ` ЀcoverageoftheInternet L _alt.uu.future_Ԁ"TeachingandlearningintheUsenet 8  ЀUniversity $ ! kX`XXX`_comp.infosystems.interpedia_Ԁ"TheInternet !" ЀEncyclopedia !# Ѐ#X`XXkX`t@#_comp.society_Ԁ"Theimpactoftechnologyonsociety " $ Ѐ(moderated) #|!% _comp.society.cu_-digest"TheComputerUnderground $h"& ЀDigest(moderated) %T#' _comp.society.development_Ԁ"Computertechnologyin &@$( Ѐdevelopingcountries ',%) _comp.society.folklore_Ԁ"Computerfolklore&culture p(&* Ѐpastandpresent(moderated) \)'+ _comp.society.futures_Ԁ"Eventsintechnologyaffecting H*', Ѐfuturecomputing 4+(- _comp.society.privacy_Ԁ"Effectsoftechnologyon  ,). Ѐprivacy(moderated)  -*/ kX`XXX`_news.admin.policy_Ԁ"PolicyissuesofUsenet -+0 #X`XXkX`D#kX`XXX`_news.future_Ԁ"Thefuturetechnologyofnetworknews X0 Ѐsystems D1 #X`XXkX`XE#kX`XXX`_news.misc_Ԁ"DiscussionofUsenetitself 02 #X`XXkX`$F#(5)TheNationalPublicTelecomputingNetwork 4 А(NPTN)hasagoodintroductiontothisidea. 5 A9+) xdEA 6 % A   <XX`mD<TheVisionofInteractiveComputing  [:   andtheFuture#<mDG##X`X<G# th5H  o ;  G  byMichaelHauben  < hauben@columbia.edu  o = H  Whatistherealitybehindallthetalkaboutthe G ? InformationSuperhighway?Thisisaveryimportant 3@ questionwhichtheClintonandGoreAdministration wA seemtobeignoring.Howeverunderstandingthehistory c B ofthecurrentNetsisacrucialsteptowardsbuildingthe OC networkofthefuture.Itismygoalinthisarticletoun ;D coverthevisionbehindtheInternet,Usenetandother 'E associatedphysicalandlogicalnetworks. F   WhiletheNetsarebasicallyyoung"ARPAnet G startedin1969"their25+yeargrowthhasbeensub H stantial.TheARPAnetwastheexperimentalnetwork I connectingthemainframecomputersofuniversitiesand kJ othercontractorsfundedandencouragedbytheAd WK vancedResearchProjectsAgencyoftheU.S.Depart CL mentofDefense(DoD).TheARPAnetstartedoutasa /M testbedforcomputernetworking,communicationpro sN tocols,andcomputeranddataresourcesharing.How _O ever,whatitdevelopedintowassomethingofacom KP pletelysurprisingnature.ThewidestuseoftheARPAnet 7 Q wasforhumanhumancommunicationusingelectronic #!R mail(e-mail)anddiscussionlists.(Popularlistswere "S thewine-tastersandsci-filoverslists.)Thehuman " T communicationsaspectoftheARPAnetcontinuestobe #!U today'smostpopularusageoftheNetbyavastvariety ${"V ofpeoplethroughe-mail,UsenetNewsdiscussion %g#W groups,mailinglists,internetrelaychat(irc),andsoon. &S$X However,theARPAnetwastheproductofprevious '?%Y researchitself. (+&Z   Beforethe1960s,computersoperatedinbatch o)'[ mode.Thismeantthatauserhadtoprovideaprogram [*(\ onA9+)>/-dE>/-Apunchcardstothelocalcomputercenter.Oftenapro G+(] grammerhadtowaitoveradayinordertoseethe 3,)^ A9+) 0/-dEW/-Aresultsfromhisorherinput.Inadditioniftherewere -*_ anymistakesinthecreationofthepunchedcards,the  .+` stackorindividualcardhadtobepunchedagainand X resubmitted,whichwouldtakeanotherday.Thisdoes D notaccountforbugsinthecode,whichsomeoneonly 0 findsoutafterattemptingtocompilethecode.Thiswas  averyinefficientwayofutilizingthepowerofthecom  puterfromtheviewpointofahuman,inadditionto  discouragingthoseunfamiliarwithcomputers.Thisled  topeoplethinkingofwaystoaltertheinterfacebetween t peopleandcomputers.Theideaoftimesharingdevel  ` opedamongsomeinthecomputerresearchcommun  L  ities.Timesharingamountstopeopleutilizingthecom  8  puter(thenthemainframe)simultaneously.Timeshar | $  ingoperatedbygivingtheimpressionthattheuseristhe h   onlyoneonthecomputer.Thisisexecutedbyhaving T  thecomputer:X`XXX`ԀdivvyoutslicesofCPUtimetoallthe @  usersinasequentialmanner. ,    Researchintimesharingwasbeingdonearoundthe  countryatdifferentresearchcentersinearly1960s.  SomeexampleswereCTSS(ComputerTimesharing  System)atMIT,DTSS(DartmouthTimesharingSys  tem)atDartmouth,asystematBBN,andsoon.J.C.R. p Licklider,thefoundingdirectorofARPA'sInformation \ ProcessingTechniquesOffice(IPTO),thoughtoftime H sharingasinteractivecomputing.Interactivecomputing 4 meanttheuserhadawaytocommunicateandrespond x  tothecomputer'sresponses#X`XX:X`W#:X`XXX`inawaythatbatchpro d  cessingdidnotallow.A9+)& -dEX-A P   BothRobertTaylorandLarryRoberts,futuresuc < cessorsofLickliderasdirectorofIPTO,pinpointLick ( liderastheoriginatorofthevisionwhichsetARPA's  prioritiesandgoalsandbasicallydroveARPAtohelp  developtheconceptandpracticeofnetworkingcom  puters.     InanInterviewconductedbytheCharlesBabbage  l! Institute(CBI),Robertssaid: whatIconcludedwasthat !X" wehadtodosomethingaboutcommunications,andthat "D # really,theideaofthegalacticnetworkthatLicktalked #0!$ about,probablymorethananybody,wassomethingthat t$"% wehadtostartseriouslythinkingabout.Soinaway `%#& networkinggrewoutofLick'stalkingaboutthat,al L&#' thoughLickhimselfcouldnotmakeanythinghappen 8'$( becauseitwastooearlywhenhetalkedaboutit.Buthe $(%) didconvincemeitwasimportant.(CharlesBabbage )&* Institute,OralInterviewwithLawrenceRoberts,p.29) )'+   TayloralsopointedouttheimportanceofLicklider's *(, visiontofuturenetworkdevelopmentina#X`XX:X`#[#:X`XXX`CBIcon +|)- #X`XX:X`[a#ductedinterview: Idon'tthink8anyonewho'sbeenin ,h*. thatDARPApositionsince[Licklider]hashadthe -T+/ visionthatLickliderhad.Hisbeingatthatplaceatthat .@,0 timeisatestamenttothetenuousnessofitall.Itwas X0 reallyafortunatecircumstance.Ithinkmostofthesig D1 nificantadvancesincomputertechnology,especiallyin 02 thesystemspartofcomputerscience8weresimplyex 3 trapolationsofLicklider'svision.Theywerenotreally 4 newvisionsoftheirown.Sohe'sreallythefatherofit 5 all.(CharlesBabbageInstitute,OralInterviewwith 6 RobertTaylor,p.8) t7   Crucialtothedefinitionoftoday'snetworkswere  `8 thethoughtsawakenedinthemindsofthoseresearchers  L9 interestedintimesharing.Theseresearchersbeganto  8 : thinkaboutsocialissuesrelatedtotimesharing.One | $ ; suchtopicwastheformationofcommunitiesofthepeo h  < plewhousedthetimesharingsystems.FernandoCor T = batoandRobertFanowrote, Thetime-sharingcom @ > putersystemcanuniteagroupofinvestigatorsinaco , ? operativesearchforthesolutiontoacommonproblem, @ oritcanserveasacommunitypoolofknowledgeand A skillonwhichanyonecandrawaccordingtohisneeds. B Projectingtheconceptonalargescale,onecanconceive C ofsuchafacilityasanextraordinarilypowerfullibrary pD servinganentirecommunity"inshort,anintellectual \E publicutility.( Time-sharingonComputers,Infor HF mation,p.76) 4G   RobertTaylorspokeaboutsomeoftheunexpected x H circumstancesthattimesharingmadepossible: They d I werejusttalkingaboutanetworkwheretheycouldhave PJ acompatibilityacrossthesesystems,andatleastdo <K someloadsharing,andsomeprogramsharing,data (L sharing"thatsortofthing.Whereas,thethingthat M struckmeaboutthetimesharingexperiencewasthat N beforetherewasatimesharingsystem,let'ssayatMIT, O thentherewerealotofindividualpeoplewhodidn't P knoweachotherwhowereinterestedincomputingin  lQ onewayoranother,andwhoweredoingwhateverthey !XR could,howevertheycould.Assoonasthetimesharing "D S systembecameusable,thesepeoplebegantoknowone #0!T another,sharealotofinformation,andaskofone t$"U another,HowdoIusethis?WheredoIfindthat?It `%#V wasreallyphenomenaltoseethiscomputerbecomea L&#W mediumthatstimulatedtheformationofahumancom 8'$X munity.8Andso,hereARPAhadanumberofsitesby $(%Y thistime,eachofwhichhaditsownsenseofcommunity )&Z andwasdigitallyisolatedfromtheotherone.Isawa )'[ phraseintheLicklidermemo.Thephrasewasinatotal *(\ lydifferentcontext"somethingthathereferredtoas +|)] anintergalacticnetwork.Iaskedhimaboutthislater ,h*^ 8recently,infactIsaid,Didyouhaveanetworking -T+_ oftheARPAnetsortinmindwhenyouusedthat .@,` Аphrase?Hesaid,No,Iwasthinkingaboutasingle X timesharingsystemthatwasintergalactic8(Charles D BabbageInstitute,OralInterviewwithRobertTaylor, 0 p.24)    AsTaylorrecounts,theusersofthetimesharing  systemswould,usuallyunexpectedly,formanewcom  munity.Peoplenowwereconnectedtootherswhowere  alsointerestedinthesenewcomputingsystems. t   Lickliderwasoneofthefirstusersofthenewtime  ` sharingsystems,andtookthetimetoplayaroundwith  L  them.Examiningtheusesofthisnewwayofcommun  8  icatingwiththecomputerenabledLicklidertothink | $  aboutthefuturepossibilities.Thiswashelpfulbecause h   LickliderA9+) -duqEn-A߀wentontoestablishtheprioritiesanddirection T  forARPA'sIPTOresearchmonies.Manyoftheinter @  vieweesintheCBIinterviewssaidthatARPA'smoney ,  wasgiveninthosedaystohelpseedresearchwhich  wouldbehelpfultosocietyingeneralandonlysecond  arilyhelpfultothemilitary.    ThevisiondrivingARPAinspiredbrightresearch  ersworkingoncomputerrelatedtopics.Robertsexplains p thatLicklider'swork(andthatoftheIPTOsdirectors \ afterhim)educatedpeoplewhoweretobecomethe H leadersinthecomputerindustryingeneral.Roberts 4 describestheimpactthatLickliderandhisvisionmade x  onARPAandfutureIPTOdirectors: Well,Ithinkthat d  theoneinfluenceis8theproductionofpeopleinthe P computerfieldthataretrained,andknowledgeable,and < capable,andthatformthebasisfortheprogressthe ( UnitedStateshasmadeinthecomputerfield.That  productionofpeoplestartedwithLick,whenhestarted  theIPTOprogramandstartedthebiguniversitypro  grams.ItwasreallyduetoLick,inlargepart,because   IthinkitwasthatearlysetofactivitiesthatIcontinued  l! withthatproducedthemostpeoplewiththebiguniver !X" sitycontracts.Thatproducedabaseforthemtoexpand "D # theirwholedepartment,andproducedexcitementinthe #0!$ university(CharlesBabbageInstitute,OralInterview t$"% withLawrenceRoberts,p.29) `%#&   Theimportanteffectonacademialedtoaneven L&#' moreprofoundeffectonthefutureofthecomputerin 8'$( dustry.Robertscontinues: Soitwasclearthat_that_Ԁwas $(%) abigimpactontheuniversitiesandtherefore,inthe )&* industry.Youcanalmosttrackallthosepeopleandsee )'+ whateffectthathashad.Thepeoplefromthoseprojects *(, areinlargeparttheleadersthroughouttheindustry +|)- (ibid.,p.30) ,h*.   Licklider's IntergalacticNetworkwasatime -T+/ sharingutilitywhichwouldservetheentiregalaxy.This .@,0 earlyvisionoftimesharingspawnedtheideaofinter X0 connectingdifferenttime-sharingsystemsbynetworking D1 themtogether.Thisnetworkwouldallowthoseon 02 geographicallyseparatedtime-sharingsystemstoshare 3 data,programs,research,andlaterotherideasand 4 anythingthatcouldbetypedout.LickliderandTaylor 5 collaboratedonanarticletitled TheComputerasa 6 CommunicationsDevicewhichforesawtoday'sNet. t7 Theywrote: Wehaveseenthebeginningsofcommun  `8 icationthroughacomputer"communicationamong  L9 peopleatconsoleslocatedinthesameroomoronthe  8 : sameuniversitycampusorevenatdistantlyseparated | $ ; laboratoriesofthesameresearchanddevelopment h  < organization.Thiskindofcommunication"through T = asinglemultiaccesscomputerwiththeaidoftelephone @ > lines"isbeginningtofostercooperationandpromote , ? coherencemoreeffectivelythandopresentarrangements @ forsharingcomputerprogramsbyexchangingmagnetic A tapebymessengerormail.(LickliderandTaylor,p.28) B   Laterinthearticle,theypointoutthattheinter C connectionofcomputersleadstoamuchbroaderclass pD ofconnectionsthanmighthavebeenexpected.Anew \E formofcommunityisdescribed: Thecollectionof HF people,hardware,andsoftware"themultiaccesscom 4G putertogetherwithitslocalcommunityofusers"will x H becomeanodeinageographicallydistributedcomputer d I network.Letusassumeforamomentthatsuchanet PJ workhasbeenformed8.Throughthenetworkofmes <K sageprocessors,therefore,allthelargecomputerscan (L communicatewithoneanother.Andthroughthem,all M themembersofthesupercommunitycancommunicate N "withotherpeople,withprograms,withdata,orwith O aselectedcombinationsofthoseresources.(ibid.,p. P 32)  lQ   LickliderandTaylordemonstratetheirinterestin !XR morethanjusthardwareandsoftwarewhentheywrite "D S aboutthenewsocialdynamicsthattheconnectionsof #0!T dispersecomputersandpeoplewillcreate.Theyexplain: t$"U  [Thesecommunities]willbecommunitiesnotof `%#V commonlocation,butofcommoninterest.Ineachfield, L&#W theoverallcommunityofinterestwillbelargeenough 8'$X tosupportacomprehensivesystemoffieldoriented $(%Y programsanddata.(ibid.,p.38) )&Z   Inexploringthiscommunityofcommonaffinity, )'[ thepairlookforthepossiblepositivereasonstoconnect *(\ toandbeapartofthesenewcomputerfacilitatedcom +|)] munities: First,lifewillbehappierfortheonlinein ,h*^ dividualbecausethepeoplewithwhomoneinteracts -T+_ moststronglywillbeselectedmorebycommonalityof .@,` interestsandgoalsthanbyaccidentsofproximity. X Second,communicationwillbemoreeffectiveandpro D ductive,andthereforemoreenjoyable.Third,muchcom 0 municationandinteractionwillbewithprogramsand  programmingmodels,whichwillbe(a)highlyrespon  sive,(b)supplementarytoone'sowncapabilities,rather  thancompetitive,and_(c_)capableofrepresentingpro  gressivelymorecomplexideaswithoutnecessarily t displayingallthelevelsoftheirstructureatthesame  ` time"andwhichwillthereforebebothchallengingand  L  rewarding.And,fourth,therewillbeplentyofopportu  8  nityforeveryone(whocanaffordaconsole)tofindhis | $  calling,forthewholeworldofinformation,withallits h   fieldsanddisciplines,willbeopentohim,withpro T  gramsreadytoguidehimortohelphimexplore.(ibid., @  p.40) ,    LickliderandTaylorconcludetheirarticlewitha  propheticquestion.Sincetheadvantagesthatcomputer  networksmakepossiblewillonlyhappeniftheseadvan  tagesareavailabletoallwhowanttomakeuseofthem.  Thequestionisposedasfollows: Forthesociety,the p impactwillbegoodorbaddependingmainlyonthe \ question:Will`tobeonline'beaprivilegeoraright? H Ifonlyafavoredsegmentofthepopulationgetsachance 4 toenjoytheadvantageof`intelligenceamplification,'the x  networkmayexaggeratethediscontinuityinthespec d  trumofintellectualopportunity.(ibid.,p.40) P   Thequestiontheyraiseisoneofaccess.Theauthors < pointoutthatthepositiveeffectsofcomputernetwork ( ingwouldonlycomeaboutifthenetworksaremade  easytouseandavailable.Lastlytheyarguethataccess  shouldbemadeavailablebecauseoftheglobalbenefits  whichtheypredictwouldensue.Theyendbywriting:    8ifthenetworkideashouldprovetodoforeducation  l! whatafewhaveenvisionedinhope,ifnotinconcrete !X" detailedplan,andifallmindsshouldprovetoberespon "D # sive,surelytheboontohumankindwouldbebeyond #0!$ measure.(ibid.,p.40) t$"%   LickliderandTaylorraiseanimportantpointthat `%#& accessshouldbemadeavailabletoallwhowanttouse L&#' thecomputernetworks.Therelevancetotodayisthat 8'$( itisimportanttoaskiftheNationalInformationInfra $(%) structureisbeingdesignedwiththeprincipleofmaking )&* equalityofaccessasimportant.Therewasavisionof )'+ theinterconnectionandinteractionofdiversecom *(, munitiesguidingcreationoftheoriginalARPAnet.In +|)- thedesignoftheexpansionoftheNetwork,itisimport ,h*. anttokeeptheoriginalvisioninmindtoconsiderifthe -T+/ visionwascorrect,orifitwasjustimportantinthe .@,0 initialdevelopmentofnetworkingtechnologiesandtech X0 niques.However,verylittleemphasishasbeenplaced D1 oneitherthestudyofLicklider'svisionortheroleand 02 advantagestheNetshaveplayeduptothispoint.In 3 addition,thepublichasnotbeenallowedtoplayarole 4 intheplanningprocessforthenewinitiativeswhichthe 5 federalgovernmentiscurrentlyundertaking.Thisisa 6 pleatoyoutodemandmoreofapartinthedevelopment t7 ofthefutureoftheNet.  `8   BIBLIOGRAPHY  8 : ʞkX`XXX`  Fernando#X`XXkX`#ԀCorbatoandRobertFano, Time-sharing | $ ; onComputers,inInformation,(AScientificA9+)Z-dEX-A߀American h  < Book),SanFrancisco:1966. T =   CharlesBabbageInstituteOralInterviewwith , ? FernandoCorbato. @   CharlesBabbageInstituteOralInterviewwith B RobertFano.:X`XXX` C   Kemeny,John,ManandtheComputer,Charles \E _Scribner_'sSons,NY,1972. HF   #X`XX:X`7#CharlesBabbageInstituteOralInterviewwith x H J.C.R.Licklider. d I   Licklider,J.C.R.andRobertTaylor, TheComputer <K asaCommunicationDevice,inScienceandTechnol (L ogy,April,1968,p.40. M   CharlesBabbageInstituteOralInterviewwith O LawrenceRoberts. P   CharlesBabbageInstituteOralInterviewwith !XR RobertTaylor. "D S % C    <XX`oD<NetCulturalAssumptions#<oD##X`X<# Iu L&#W %byGregoryGWoodbury `'%X   ggw@wolves.durham.nc.us L(%Y [AuthorsNote:Thisarticlewasoriginallywrittenon $*'[ July5,1992.Thisversioniseditedandexpandedsome +(\ what.Thequestionwasabouttheapplicationofcopy +)] rightlawtoUsenet.Newmaterialisenclosedin[]'s.] ,*^  -|+_   Recallingabitofthehistoryofthenet,weneedto X lookatthewaythattheNetstartedandhowithas D grown.TheseminalconceptoftheNetisthatfolkson 0 differentmachines*desire*toshareinformationinan  easyandtimelymanner,despitethespatialseparation  betweenthemandthemachinestheyareusing.    ThatisthatthepersonsusingtheNettocommuni  cate*wanttocommunicate*andarewillingtocooperate t ineffectingthatcommunication.  `   Thisistheabsolutebasicprinciple:youwantto  L  communicatewiththeotherfolksonthenet.  8    Thereisnooneholdingaguntoyourheadtelling | $  youthatyou*must*postsomethingtothenet.(Atleast, h   Ihopenooneisdoingthat!) T    Fromthis,everythingelsefollows.Themechanics @  ofhowithappenshavechangeddrasticallyfromthe ,  originalshellscriptimplementationofsimplychecking  thetimestampsonfilesandsendingfilesthathad  changedsincethelastchecktosomeothermachine.The  firstattemptwasbarelyadequatefortwomachines,and  requiredalotofhumanefforttoassurethatdirectory p structuresbetweenthemachineswasidentical. \   Assoonasoneothermachinewasaddedtothemix, H itbecameobviousthatsomesortofautomatedmethods 4 ofassuringthatthecommunicationwouldnotbreak x  downwhensomeonewantedtostartanewtopic. d    TomTruscott,JimEllisandSteveBellovin,with P assistancefromlotsoffolksatDukeandUNC,con < venedaninformalconferenceandhashedthebasic ( facilitiesandneedsoutinaboutthreehours.Thenin  abouttwoweeks,theywroteitandgotitworkingonthe   originalthreesites,duke(computerscience),_unc_  (computerscience)and_phs_Ԁ(deptofphysiology,inthe   dukemedicalcenter).Atthattime,the Aversionof  l! NetNews(asitwasoriginallycalled)hadbeenplaced !X" ontheconferencetapeattheTorontoUSENIXmeeting "D # inJanuaryof1980. #0!$   [Thereissomedisagreementoverthis.Iclearly t$"% recallusingNetnewspriortogettingmarriedinJanuary `%#& of1980.Ourhoneymoonwasdelayedsincemywife's L&#' supervisorswereattheTorontoUSENIXConference. 8'$( Shewasaprogrammeratthe_phs_Ԁsite.:-)] $(%)   UndertheconditionsoftheacademicUNIXli )&* censesinthosedays,thesoftwarewasplacedinthe )'+  publicdomainanditwasthemostpopularprogram *(, fromthatConferenceTape.Idonotrecallthatanyone +|)- wasquiteexpectingtheexplosionthatfollowed. ,h*.   [SteveBellovinwrotemetoconfirmthis.His -T+/ commentwasthattheyexpectedmaybea100machines .@,0 andONE_net.group_.AnupdatedversionofNetnews, X0 withmuchexpandedcapacitywasonthespringcon D1 ferencetape.] 02   TheearlyARPAnetalreadyhadanumberofmail 3 inglists,andthemanagementofthemwasalreadyquite 4 aheadacheforthefolksinvolved.TheNetNewssoft 5 warewasquicklyrecognizedasasuperiormeansof 6 dealingwithveryactivelistsandwasquicklyplacedinto t7 service.  `8   Atthatpoint,therewerealreadyproblemswith  L9 providinge-mailservicebetweentheARPAnetma  8 : chinesandtheUUCPbasednetwork.The_confusion_A9+)Z-dEX-A | $ ; betweenbangpathnotationandthedomain-namesystem h  < waswellestablished,withlotsofrancorandconfusion T = alreadyevident. @ >   Inanycase,oneoftheearlyassumptionswasthat , ? therewouldbe localgroupsofmachinessharingnews, @ andthattherewouldbelittlecrossoverbetweengroups. A Themodelwasthatacampusofauniversitywouldhave B anewsnetwork,anditmightbesharedwithanother C universitythatwaslogicallyandphysicallyclosetoit, pD butspatiallyinconvenientforfolkstogettogether \E physically,andthatNetNewswouldallowthemtoshare HF informationinatimelymanner. 4G   Butagain,therewasabasicpointtothemodel,that x H thepeoplewantedtocommunicate,andwouldcooperate d I ineffectingthatcommunication. PJ   Thesharingofinformationwastobehandledin <K local/regionalareas,andthedetailsofwhowouldpay (L forthephonecalls,andthelegalmumbo-jumboof re M sponsibilitywastobehandledwiththeusualacademic N handwavingandundercolorofacademicfreedom. O [Well,thereweresomearrangements,buttheydidn't P impingeonmyviewofthesituation.Itwasn'tallhand  lQ waving.] !XR   Whenthedirectionofevolutiontookanunexpected "D S turn,andacontinentalnetworkemerged,spanningthe #0!T continentfromCaliforniatoNorthCarolina,andTo t$"U rontotoSanDiego,itwassortofashocktorealizewhat `%#V hadhappened. L&#W   And,sinceeveryonewasinanacademicenvi 8'$X ronment(well,_decvax_Ԁwascommercial,butitwasavery $(%Y specialcase"BellLabswasacademicreally,butitwas )&Z anotherspecialcase)andinvolvedincomputerscience, )'[ therewasneveranykindofspecialconcernforthelegal *(\ mumbo-jumbo.Everyone*wanted*tobeonthenet,and +|)] itwasclearthattheywerecooperatingindoingso. ,h*^ (SomefolkatBellLabswerewatchingthelegalstuff, -T+_ notintermsofindividualposters'rights,butintermsof .@,` protectingAT&T'srightsinandtoUNIXsourcecode X andproprietaryinformation.) D   Theconventionsofnet.,fa.and 0 developedasbeing_netwide_,gatedmailinglists,  andlocaltopicgroups.Andthehierarchicalsubcatego  riessoonappeared.Moderatedgroupsappearedand  wereplacedinthemod.*hierarchy.    Underthestrainofbeinganinternationalnetwork, t withseveralnewmachinesbeingaddeddaily,certain  ` limitationsinthebasicassumptionsmadethemselves  L  painfullyobvious.AndtherewriteknownasB-news  8  maderoomforthecontinuingexpansion. | $    Andstill,folks*wantedtocommunicate*andco h   operatedindoingso.Aninformalstructurefortheeffi T  cientmanagementofthetopologyofthenetworkarose, @  basedaroundasetofsiteswillingtotransfernewsover ,  asetof backbonelinks,andthenfanoutdistributions  tothemid-levelandleafsites.Theadministratorsof  thesebackbonesiteskneweachother,andrespected  eachotherintermsofcooperatingandmanagingthe  growthofaNetthathad*noformalexistence!* p   The backbonecabal(asitwasmockinglyreferred \ to,inrecognitionofitsextra-legalexistence)established H somegeneralproceduresforaddinggroups,andfordeal 4 ingwithproblemsthatthreatenedthevoluntaryco x  operativenatureofthenet. d    Thedebateovercopyrightofpostingsbecame,for P thefirsttime,trulyacrimonious.Asmoresitesjoined, < moreandmoreofthembeingnon-academicinnature, ( themissingorhiddenassumptionsthatguidedthefolk  attemptingtomanagethenet,begantoexertpressure.  It*was*stated,plainlyandclearly,inseveralplaces,  thatapersonpostedtotheNetasavoluntaryact,and   thattheywereassumedtounderstandthatasserting  l! copyrightwasnota friendlyactionINTHELIGHT !X" OFTHISASSUMPTION. "D #   [NOTEWell:AtthetimetheNetwasformed,the #0!$ U.S.ofA.was*not*asignatorytotheBerneConven t$"% tiononInternationalCopyrights!TheU.S.haditsown `%#& peculiarsetoflawsaboutcopyrights,andsomething L&#' withoutanoticewasnotcopyrighted.] 8'$(   Meanwhile,AT&Twas liberatedbythe_MFJ_ $(%) rulingbyJudgeGreen,intheU.S.JusticeDepartment's )&* АAnti-TrustsuitagainstAT&T,tocompeteinthecom )'+ puterindustry(withcertainlimitations).Allatonce,the *(, wholenatureofthingschanged,theuniversitieswereno +|)- longerboundbythelicenserestrictionsthatprograms ,h*. andutilitiesdevelopedonthe freelicenseUNIXbrand -T+/ OperatingSystembeplacedinthepublicdomain,and .@,0 theNetcontinuedtogrowbyleapsandbounds. X0   Thepowerofthebackbonecabalheldthroughthe D1 A9+)v-dvqEX-AtimeoftheGreatRenaming,whentheoldnet.*,fa.*and 02 mod.*wastransformedovernightintothe Sevensis 3 tersof{comp,misc,news,rec,sci,soc,andtalk},plus 4 asmatteringoflocalhierarchies. 5   Andmoresitesbecameconnectedtothenet.Still 6 undertheassumptionthatthesiteswantedtocommun t7 icate,andwouldcooperateindoingso.Itwasnotedthat  `8 postingswerevoluntary,andthatthebackboneconsid  L9 eredallpostingstobeessentiallyplacedinthepublic  8 : domain. | $ ;   Butnow,thisdiscussionwasbeingheldinnews h  < .admin,notoutin_net.general_Ԁor_net.admin_Ԁwhereall T = wouldseeit,andallwere,infact,encouragedtoread @ > andcomment.Andmost_net.readers_Ԁweresimplyno , ? longerdirectlyinvolvedintheguidanceanddevel @ opmentofthenet.Partlytoremedythislackofdirect A involvement,butmoreasaresultofthedissolutionof B thebackbonecabal(whichhappenedwhenavocalgroup C offolksestablishedthealt.*hierarchybecausethe pD backbonefolkhaddecidedthattherewould*not*bea \E _rec.sex_Ԁgroup"severalofthebackboneadministers HF threwuptheirhandsandrecognizedthattheanarchy 4G wasnolongerundercontrol)the Guidelineswere x H workedoutthatprovidedforapopularitypoll(a vote) d I fortheestablishmentofnewnewsgroups. PJ   AndtheNetcontinuedtogrow,butnowsites <K comingintotheNetwerenolongerreallyremindedof (L thebasicassumptionsbeforecomingonline,thatthey M werejoiningavoluntaryassociation,andthatpeople N postingwereassumedtobecommunicatinginpublic O becausetheywantedto,andthatitwasa publicdo P mainsituation.Therewasnobackbonecabaltocontact  lQ thenewsiteadmin.andassuretheNetthatthenewsite !XR understoodthevoluntarynatureoftheassociation. "D S   Homesitesandcommercialsitesbegantopro #0!T liferateinmuchgreaternumbersthanbefore,andanyone t$"U couldgetafeedofasmuchoraslittleofthenewsas `%#V theywanted,anditwasnolongerassuredthatallsites L&#W *would*seeanitempostedto_news.annunce.important_. 8'$X   Andin1987and1989"BANG!Thesecondofthe $(%Y reallymajorassumptionchangeshit.TheU.S.A.signed )&Z theBerneConvention,andpracticallyovernight,theNet )'[ wentfromadefaultofnocopyrights,toasituation *(\ wherecopyrightwasautomatic.Theresultsofthisare +|)] stillresoundingthroughoutthenet. ,h*^   Thischangestilldidnotreallyundotheunderlying -T+_ assumption"peopleusingtheNetWANTtocom .@,` municate.Thosewhoworryaboutthelawandbeingrisk X Іfreetendtoloosesightofthis.Theposterofanitemis D seekingtocommunicatetheirideas,andthey(posters) 0 *don't*worryaboutthecopyrightsandotherrestrictions  untiltheyarebroughttotheirattentionbysomeother  posteroradministrator.    TheNethaslostsightofitsbasicnature,avoluntary  associationofsitesexchangingnewsinastandard_for t _A9+)Z-dvqEX-Amat*undertheassumption*thatthesiteanditsusers  ` wanttocommunicate,andwillcooperateindoingso.  L    TheNetisacknowledgedasaworkinganarchy.  8  Thereisnoauthoritybeyondtheadministratorofa | $  singlemachine,andlinksbetweenmachinesarestill(by h   andlarge)informalarrangements.Theaddingofcom T  mercialprovidersmerelymakesthemodelverymurky, @  sincethefeedingofagroupTOthecommercialpro ,  vidersarestillgenerallyinformalarrangements.[No  commentshavebeenmadeotherwisetome.]    Sowhatisthepointofthisoverlylonghistory  lesson?WhenNetNewsbegan,itwasclearlyasituation  whereitemsweredonatedtotheNetfreelyandvol p untarily.Theresolutionofanearlydebateontheappear \ anceofacopyrightnoticeonapostingwastheclearly H statedprinciplethatpostingontheNetwascontributing 4 theitemtothepublicdomain(insomesense,themoral x  rightswere*not*atissuethen,beforetheU.S.joined d  theBerneCopyrightConvention.)Postingswitha P copyrightdidnotmakeitveryfarbeforesomeone < noticedandcorrectedthemisapprehensionsofthe ( poster.    Today,thisassumptionisforgotten,folkforgetthat  theyareinavoluntarysituation(iftheywereeverin  formedofit)andthatthiswasstartedasapublicdomain   forum.  l!   InMyOpinion,folkspostinganitemtotheNetare !X" doingso*voluntarily*andtheymeantohavethatitem "D # distributedanywhere thenetmaysendit.Iconsider #0!$ itafecklessargumenttotryandmaintainadistinction t$"% betweenwhetherthatdistributiontakesplaceauto `%#& maticallyorwithhumandirectionorcontrol.Itisknown L&#' (orshouldbeknown)beforepostingthattheautomatic 8'$( systemsaregoingtosendittoplacesthattheposterhas $(%) absolutelynocontrolover,eitherintermsofspace,or )&* intermsoftime.Theyintendtohavethatitemseenand )'+ readbyotherhumansontheotherendofthevirtual *(, circuit.Andtheyimplicitlyinvitethatotherhumanto +|)- reacttothatitem. ,h*.   Beinga nominallyreasonableperson,withdue -T+/ regardforthemoralrightsofanauthortobeknownas .@,0 theauthorofaparticularwork,Iwillmaintainattri X0 butionsontheitems.Buttheyhavealsograntedauto D1 maticsystemstherighttosendthatitemtomewithout 02 compensation(orevena[_imo_]reasonableexpectation 3 ofcompensation,)thatis,itisagift. 4   [Actually,certainsituationshavehappenedthat 5 actuallymakemecareaboutsomeofthese nicetiesin 6 relationtotheoperationofmysite.Inowamofthe t7 opinionthataposter pressingthesendkeyiscom  `8 mandinghismachinetoconnecttoothermachinesand  L9 toplacecopiesofhisarticlethereasagiftforthereaders  8 : onthatmachine.Thesemachines(connecteddirectlyor | $ ; indirectlytothepostersmachine)dosimplywhatthe h  < posterhascommandedthemtodo.Theposteristhe T = responsibleparty.Furthermore,inexchangeforhaving @ > theprivilegeofcommandingothermachinestodistri , ? butetheposting,theposterallowsotherposterstouse @ hismachineforthesamepurpose.Notacontractualob A ligation,butasimpleexchangeoffavors.Informaland B cooperative.] C   Finally,inmyopinion,iftheydo*not*wantmeto pD receivetheitem,thentheyshouldnotpostit onthe \E net. HF   Andaprediction:Someday,someonewhodoesnot 4G understandthe*voluntary*natureofthenet,isgoingto x H actuallysuesomeoneforsomemisunderstanding.I d I wouldsureenjoybeingcalledasan expertwitnessfor PJ thattrial(ifitevergetstotrial.) <K __________ (L [Editor'sNote:TheUSjoinedtheBerneConventionon M March1,1989.Tobeconsistentwiththatconvention, N onceaworkorideaisfixedinatangibleform,thecre O atorholdsthecopyrightandnoorothernoticeisre P quiredforcopyrightstatus.]  lQ A9+) x<dFE!A !XR % I   <XX`pD<TheEthicsofUsenetEtiquette $g"V AShortEssayConcerningAdvertising %{#W   ontheInternet#<pD##X`X<# c8. &$X   byCalWoods '%Y rcwoods@alf2.tcd.ie (&Z   TheanarchyandabsenceofrulesontheInternet* *g(\ hasbroughtitbothfameandinfamy.Thisfeatureof +S)] suchavastandpotentiallyinfluentialorganbringsboth ,?*^ benefitsanddisadvantages.Intheformercategory,the -++_ equalityofstatusinopinion,combinedwithaccessibility o.,` ofinformation,opensanopportunityfordynamismand X self-expressionthatwouldnormallyhavebeenquashed D bysimplediscouragementattheeffortrequired.The 0 Internetprovidesaplatformforexperimentandallows  manypeopletocombinetheirknowledge.Italsopro  videssuperbresourcesformakingknowledgeavailable  throughvariousmeans.Ithinkweareindividuallywell  awareofthebenefitsofthenet,soIwillletitspeakfor t itself.  `   Theequalityofaccesstothosewiththeappropriate  L  technologicalmeansandmindgrantsgreatlibertiesand  8  opportunities,butconcurrentlywithfreedomcomesthe | $  possibilityforitsabuse,anabusethatthelawlesssoci h   etyoftheNetmayseemill-fittodealwith.Yetforaso T  cietywithoutlaws,theInternetfunctionswithanin @  crediblefluidity.YoucansayanythingonUsenet,(even ,  advertise,)yetwhiletherearenowrittenrulesas__A9+)-dEX-Atohow  youcansayit,theNetregulatesitselfwellenoughto  avoidcollapse.    ThisapparentweaknessaddstowhattheInternet  isanddoes.TheweaknessthatallowsCanter&Siegel p toarguethattheydidnothingillegalbecausethereare \ nolaws,isanintegralpartoftheNetcommunity'smake H up.Aswellastheadvantagesmentionedabove,thevery 4 factthatsenseofcommunityandarealizationofthe x  needforcooperationisemphasizedbyknowledgeofthe d  factthattheenterpriseisopentoattackandcouldbe P destroyedbyoneperson. <   TheHighwaycode,suchasitis,isbasedoncom ( monsense,amutualrespectofothers,andthefearof  thelossofthatrespectandexclusionfromthecom  munity.Iknownottopostmessagespertainingtothe  guitararchiveto_rec.gardens.orchids_Ԁbecauseitdoesnot   takemuchefforttoseethatitwouldbeinappropriateto  l! doso.Itservesmenopurpose,itannoysthereadersof !X" thatgroup,anditdamagestheNetcommunityinwasted "D # bandwidth. #0!$   Usenet,apublicforum,shouldremainlawless,as t$"% anyattempttoimposestricturesonsoamorphousan `%#& entityisdestinedtopracticalfailure.Theonlymethod L&#' ofdisciplineatourdisposaliseducation,andiftrans 8'$( gressionscontinue,toostracizeoffendersandaskto $(%) havethemphysicallyremovedfromthecommunity.The )&* Internetisdesignedformasscommunicationofinfor )'+ mation,anditeffectivelyfightsbackbyeducatingthose *(, who,inadvertentlyornot,fallfouloftheunwrittenrules +|)- ofetiquette. ,h*.   Thesubjectofthisessayistherecentabuseof -T+/ Usenetthatisknownasspamming"whenamessage, .@,0 usuallyadvertisingsomeproductorservice,issentto X0 alargenumberofnewsgroups,manyofwhicharein D1 appropriateforitsdistribution.Inshort,theproblemof 02 advertisingonUsenet,andontheInternetingeneral. 3   Itwouldobviouslybeaclaimofthosewishingto 4 advertisethattheywouldliketogooutandattemptto 5 attractclients.Thisisunderstandable,butisnottheway 6 Usenetfunctions"itisconstructedintogroupsthat t7 pertaintoparticularinterests.Tosendmessagesto  `8 groupsdealingwithtopicsunconcernedwiththeproduct  L9 youadvertiseisabreachofetiquette.Noonewould  8 : havemindedifCanter&Siegelhadhawkedtheirwares | $ ; ONLYingroupssuchas_alt.visa.us_.Itmaybetruethat h  < manygardenersorguitarplayersmighthavebeeninter T = estedintheirservice,butifthisisso,thosepeople @ > wouldhavesearchedforthatinformation. , ?   Withanygroup,thecreator,moderator,orsimply @ thoseactiveinthegroup,mustrelyontheinitialinterest A oftheuserbeingsufficientthattheyactivelyseekthe B informationthatwillgetthemtoforumsandsitesper C tainingtotheirtopicofinterest.Allnewsreadingpro pD grams,inmyexperience,allowasearchbysubject \E name,andmanytoolshaveandarebeingdevelopedto HF enablesearching(e.g.Archie,andthecapabilitiesof 4G Mosaic).ThisisthecasewhetherIamlookingfor x H gardeningtips,guitarchordsorlegalassistance. d I   Anadvertiserwhospams,implicitlyconsidersthat PJ thepurposeitservesthemingainingnewcustomers, <K outweighstheannoyancecausedtoreadersandthewaste (L ofresources.Notmanycanseethis.Eventhismaynot M betrue:intermsofpurenumbers,Chris_Kwasnicki_ N (victimoftherecentWeightLossspamandforgery) O reportsthathereceivedmorehate-mailthaninterest P expressed.ButevenifCanter&Siegelscurrentclaim  lQ tofinancialsuccessremainstrueinthelong-run,this !XR doesnotvalidateanyrighttomass-advertising.The "D S reasontheyhavegainedtheenmityofcountlessthou #0!T sandsisbecausetheyputtheirownpersonalgainabove t$"U theNetitself.Usenetdoesprovideforadvertising,and `%#V forpersonalandcorporategain,butitwillclearlydoso L&#W onlyinwaysthatdoesnotthreatenUsenetitself. 8'$X   Learninghowtobehave,ontheNetasinsociety, $(%Y issomethingwepickupwithpractice,andwhosejustifi )&Z cationwelargelycometounderstand.Ifpeoplecan't )'[ seewhyitisridiculoustopostguitarchordstogarden *(\ inggroups,theyarenotfittobegrantedalicensetosail +|)] incyberspace.Everyonemakesmistakeswhilelearning ,h*^ orwhileenteringanewfield,butageneralsenseof -T+_ etiquettewillprovidereasonablebounds.Newcomers .@,` toUsenet( newbies)orthosewhoarebeguiledbythe X promiseofMakingMoneyFast,whostepovertheline D arequicklyinformedbytheirpeersoftheirmistake,and 0 theirwillingnesstoco-operateinthelargerendeavor  ensuresthattheyattemptnevertobringattentionupon  themselvesagain.    Amuchmoreserioustransgressionisafailureto  adoptthecorrectattitudewhenusingtheNet.Canter& t SiegelmayhavebeennewcomerstoUsenetandthought  ` theirmotiveofpersonalgainwasappropriate(it'sa  L  stretch,Iknow).Tomyknowledge,theymadenouse  8  oftheNetinexplainingorapologizingfortheiractions. | $  Andthesubsequentglorificationoftheirdeedsshows h   thattheyhavelearnednothing,andwillcontinueto T  abusetheNet.Theyshouldtherefore,insofarasitis @  possible,beexcludedfromit"shunnedwhileonthe ,  Internet,anddeniedaccesstoit.Iftheremustbealaw  whichtheyhavetransgressed,atitsmostminimalitcan  bethis:thatthenetworkitselfcouldnotcopewithmany  peoplemakingsuchwidelycross-postedarticles,which  iswhytherestofusareboundinnottakingsuchacts. p IfOnemustbehonesttoliveoutsidethelaw,then \ becauseoftheverystructureoftheInternet,wemustall H behonest. 4   Thewholebasisoftheaboveargumentderivesfrom x  thefactthatweandnotbusiness,noranygovernment, d  owntheInternet.ByweImeanthattheInternetis P producedby,andusedby,individuals.Thisisincontrast < totelevision,wherethematerialonofferisproducedby ( another.Additionally,theInternetislargelyprofit-free.  TheattemptofcompaniessuchasAmerica-On-Lineor  Prodigytoprovidetheirownservices,toconstructan  Internetoftheirown,isentirelyvalid;(asisthecharging   formaterialretrievedfromapersonalorcorporate  l! archive.)NordoIhaveanysubstantialgripeagainst !X" thesecompaniesasprovidersofaccesstotheInternet, "D # butthisisprovisionalonthefactthatwhiletheydesign #0!$ andruntheirotherservices,theydonothaveanysayin t$"% thecontentorconstructionofthenet. `%#&   Canter&Siegelofcoursepaidnothingfortheirad L&#' exceptthefeeforconnection.Thereisadvertisingtobe 8'$( done,andwithitmoneytobemade,ontheNet,bycom $(%) paniesandbyindividuals.Butitcannotbeattheex )&* penseofeithertheopinion,informationandproducts )'+ freelygivenandmaintainedontheNet,northe *(, А_ettiq'alcode_Ԁthatsustainsit. +|)-   Makenomistakeaboutit,theInternetcouldgreatly ,h*. benefitfromtheinfluxofcashthatpaidadvertising -T+/ mightbring;theimportantthinghoweveristoretain .@,0 control.IfGibsonguitarsweretooffertheUniversity X0 ofNevadaafeetohaveaten-lineASCIIadappended D1 tothewelcomescreenofanonymousftpusers,Iwould 02 encouragethemtoaccept.Butifitmeantanyrestriction 3 onthecontentofwhatJimCarsonandIcouldarchive 4 there,Iwouldhopetheyreject. 5   Thisissue,ofcontroloftheInternet,isthereal 6 challengethattheNetcommunitymustreadyitselffor. t7 Intheend,aswiththeradioandtelevisionintheUnited  `8 States,acontrollinghandmaybegrantedtobusiness.  L9 Butthediversity,multinationalismandthefactthatwe  8 : havecomethisfarWITHOUTthehelpofeitherofthese | $ ; agencies,givesusastrongbasewithwhichtomaintain h  < ourindependence. T = :X`XXX`__________________________________________ @ > #X`XX:X`|,#*Note:ByInternetImeantheentirenetworkofsites @ andboardsallowingcommunicationbye-mail,ftp, A telnet,gopher,WWW,etc.ByUsenetImeanthe B bulletinboardsystemofalt,rec,comp,etc.,alsoknown C asNetNews.Ihopethesearefairlyaccurate,oratleast pD understandable. \E CopyrightSeptember1994calwoodskX`XXX` HF [AuthorsNote:ThispapercanalsobefoundonWWW: 4G URL:http://scrg.cs.tcd.ie/scrg/u/rcwoods/ettics.html] x H #X`XXkX`.#A9+) xdEcA d I % K    <XX`qD<EthicsandtheInternet s40:RFC1087#<qD`0##X`X<A0#  7M %0StatusofthisMemo 7O   ThismemoisastatementofpolicybytheInternet #P ActivitiesBoard(IAB)concerningtheproperuseofthe  Q resourcesoftheInternet.Distributionofthismemois  R unlimited. !S Introduction #g!U   Atgreathumanandeconomiccost,resourcesdrawn $S"V fromtheU.S.Government,industryandtheacademic %?#W communityhavebeenassembledintoacollectionof &+$X interconnectednetworkscalledtheInternet.Begunas o'%Y avehicleforexperimentalnetworkresearchinthemid [(&Z 1970s,theInternethasbecomeanimportantnationalin G)&[ frastructuresupportinganincreasinglywidespread, 3*'\ multidisciplinarycommunityofresearchersranging, +(] interalia,fromcomputerscientistsandelectricalengi  ,)^ neerstomathematicians,physicists,medicalresearchers, ,*_ chemists,astronomers__A9+)U-dEX-Aandspacescientists. -+` 1wh X8X81  Asistrueofothercommoninfrastructures(e.g., X roads,waterreservoirsanddeliverysystems,andthe D powergenerationanddistributionnetwork),thereis 0 widespreaddependenceontheInternetbyitsusersfor  thesupportofday-to-dayresearchactivities.    ThereliableoperationoftheInternetandthere  sponsibleuseofitsresourcesisofcommoninterestand  concernforitsusers,operatorsandsponsors.Recent t eventsinvolvingthehostsontheInternetandinsimilar  ` networkinfrastructuresunderscoretheneedtoreiterate  L  theprofessionalresponsibilityeveryInternetuserbears  8  tocolleaguesandtothesponsorsofthesystem.Many | $  oftheInternetresourcesareprovidedbytheU.S.Gov h   ernment.AbuseofthesystemthusbecomesaFederal T  matteraboveandbeyondsimpleprofessionalethics. @  IABStatementofPolicy    TheInternetisanationalfacilitywhoseutilityis  largelyaconsequenceofitswideavailabilityandacces  sibility.Irresponsibleuseofthiscriticalresourceposes  anenormousthreattoitscontinuedavailabilitytothe p technicalcommunity. \   TheU.S.Governmentsponsorsofthissystemhave H afiduciaryresponsibilitytothepublictoallocategovern 4 mentresourceswiselyandeffectively.Justificationfor x  thesupportofthissystemsufferswhenhighlydisruptive d  abusesoccur.AccesstoanduseoftheInternetisa P privilegeandshouldbetreatedassuchbyallusersofthis < system. (   TheIABstronglyendorsestheviewoftheDivision  AdvisoryPaneloftheNationalScienceFoundationDiv  isionofNetwork,CommunicationsResearchandInfra  structurewhich,inparaphrase,characterizedasunethical   andunacceptableanyactivitywhichpurposely:  l!   (a)seekstogainunauthorizedaccesstothe !X"    ( resourcesoftheInternet, "D #   (b)disruptstheintendeduseoftheInternet, #0!$   _(c_)wastesresources(people,capacity,computer) t$"%    ( throughsuchactions, `%#&   (d)destroystheintegrityofcomputer-based L&#'    ( information,and/or 8'$(   (e)compromisestheprivacyofusers. $(%)   TheInternetexistsinthegeneralresearchmilieu. )'+ Portionsofitcontinuetobeusedtosupportresearchand *(, experimentationonnetworking.Becauseexperiment +|)- ationontheInternethasthepotentialtoaffectallofits ,h*. componentsandusers,researchershavetherespons -T+/ ibilitytoexercisegreatcautionintheconductoftheir .@,0 work.NegligenceintheconductofInternet-wideexper X0 imentsisbothirresponsibleandunacceptable. D1  5 TheIABplanstotakewhateveractionsitcan,in 02 concertwithFederalagenciesandotherinterested 3 parties,toidentifyandtosetuptechnicalandproce 4 duralmechanismstomaketheInternetmoreresistant 5 todisruption.Suchsecurity,however,maybeextremely 6 expensiveandmaybecounterproductiveifitinhibits t7 thefreeflowofinformationwhichmakestheInternet  `8 sovaluable.Inthefinalanalysis,thehealthand  L9 Аwell-beingoftheInternetistheresponsibilityofits  8 : userswhomust,uniformly,guardagainstabuseswhich | $ ; disruptthesystemandthreatenitslong-termviability. h  < A9+) x<dESA T =     _ <XX`rD<_A9+)v-dE X-ATheInternetSociety#<rDbH##X`X<CH# sH c A $H  byRam_Samudrala_ wB ram@elan1.carb.nist.gov c C gI 5 Oneofthegreatestwondersofthisworldisnota ;E crumblingedifice,norisitatoweringmonolith;rather, 'F itisthethrobbing,pulsatingmeshofcircuitryreferred G toastheInternet. H  5 ThebeautyoftheInternet(sometimesreferredto I as theNet)isvisiblenotjustattheprimalarchitec J turallevel(thebasicparadigmischoppingdataupinto kK littlepacketsandsendingthepacketsseparatelyacross WL acoaxialcableandreassemblingthesepacketsatthe CM otherend"thatthissimpleideaworkssowellisa /N wonderinandofitself),butalsoatanintermediatelevel sO (theexistenceoflucidprotocolssuchasSMTP,mes _P sagerouting,NFS,8),andatthesociallevel. K Q  5 Thelatterleveliswhatwillbeaddressedmostin 7!R thisposting.By social(Ihatethisword!),Imeanthe #"S levelatwhichusersinteractwiththenet.Thiscan # T involvetransferringoffiles,creatingvirtualsessions, #!U obtaininginformation,andinter-personalactivitiessuch $"V asexchanginge-mailandusingTALKtocommunicate. %{#W ThebigadvantageoftheInternetisthatitisreal-time. &g$X Thatis,whatevertheexchangeofdatathattakesplace, 'S%Y itisinstantaneous.Thepotentialofsuchafacultyis (?&Z enormousandtothisdate,ithasalmostalwaysbeen )+'[ usedtoitsfullest.However,adisturbingchangein o*(\ attitudehasmanifestedinthesocialstructureofthenet. [+)]  5 ThesocialstructureoftheInternetisanarchistic. G,)^ Powerishighlylocalizedtoadomain(inmycase _nist_ 3-*_ .gov)orsub-domains( _carb.nist.gov_)orevenhosts .+` ( iris1._carb.nist.gov_).Systemadministratorsatagiven X domain/hosthaveasmuchpowerasanyotheradmin D istratoracrossthenet.TheInternetflourishesmainlydue 0 tothecooperationofthelocalnodes.Infact,evenfor  compilationoftheInternet'ssize,SRIinternationalrelies  onthecooperationofsystemadministrators.Itisdifficult  toappreciatehowmuchittrulyreliesonsimpletrustand  openness.Theprotocolsandtheprogramsthatmakethe t Internet(FTP,Telnet,SMTP)arebasedonforbearance.  ` AlotoftoolsweseetodayusedtonavigatetheNetwere  L  madepossiblesimplybecauseofthisleniencyofaccess  8  (userswithoutprivilegecouldwritesophisticatedpro | $  gramsandexperimentwithvariousaspectsoftheNet). h   Changingthiswillnotonlydissuadedevelopmentof T  bettersoftware,butwillalsomaketheNetintoatravesty @  ofwhatitcurrentlyis. ,    Takeforexamplethewaytheprotocolworksasit  transfersdataacrosstheNet.Apacketofinformationis  usuallysenttoALLmachinesinaLANbeforeitgetsto  theoutsideworld.Theonlythingthatpreventsthisdata  frombeingaccessed illegallyisa gentleman'sagree p ment.Itisatthisplacethatsecurityismostlax.Chang \ ingthiswouldchangethebasicdesignofhowthe H Internetworks,andifimplementedinefficiently(Isee 4 nowayhowthiscouldbedoneinanefficientmanner), x  itwouldmakeitaslowernetwork.Thebeautyofthe d  Internetisbasedonthefactthattransmissionofdatacan P happeninasimple,unhinderedmanner. <   Whyshouldonewanttochangeit?Therehasbeen ( alotofhypeaboutsecurity(orlackthereof)ontheNet.  Peoplelamenttherising crimerateandlossofopen  collaboration.Someofitisundeniablytrue.However,  ithasexistedfromthetimetheARPAnetshelvedoffto   formtheInternet.Atthattime,thepeopleusingtheNet  l! knewhowtotakecareofthemselves.Withrisingpop !X" ulation,theInternetssecurityhasbecomeafactor.But "D # theInternetrosebecauseofitslaxandfree-flowing #0!$ nature(thedeclineofthemorerigorousnetwork,the t$"% BITNET,isanexamplethatillustratesthatflexibility `%#& flourishes).Theproblemisvisiblemainlybecauseofthe L&#' incompetenceofsystemadministrators:Anysecurity 8'$( problemcanbehandledbestbysimplyconfiguringa $(%) systemcorrectly.EvenAIX(IBM'sUNIX),whichisso )&* bugridden,canbemadeintoasecuresystematacertain )'+ cost(ofaccessibility).But,themoreyouwanttobepart *(, oftheNet,thelessprivacyyouhave. +|)-   Therearetwosortsofindividualswhoseideasare ,h*. destructivetotheverynatureoftheNet.Thefirstare -T+/ thosewhoclaimthatextrasecurity(andsomeoftheir .@,0 ideasinvolveanentirerestructuringoftheNet)inthe X0 formofencryptionschemes,etc.,aretheanswertothe D1 Netsproblems.Myresponseisthatifyouwishtobe 02 protected,it'seasyenough;peoplehavebeendoingthis 3 forages.Setupfirewalls,removecompleteaccessto 4 theNet,andsetuplayersofmachinestoshieldyourself 5 fromtheNet.Butno,thesepeoplearen'tcontentwith 6 havingTHEIRsystemsecure"theywishtoimpose t7 theirinaneideasontherestoftheNet.  `8  5 Theclassicexampleofthis,ofcourse,isthe  L9 ClipperchipandSKIPJACKencryptionschemewhich  8 : supposedlyguarantees securecommunication,butthe | $ ; governmenthastheprivilegetomonitorthiscommuni h  < cationanytime.AsJohnPerry_Barlow_Ԁhasputit, T =  trustingthegovernmentwithyourprivacyislike @ > trustingaPeepingTomtoinstallyourwindowblinds. , ? (Ifyouareinterestedinmoreinformationonthispro @ posalandhowyoucanopposeit,letmeknow.) A  5 Anygeneralschemeliketheaboveisveryunreal B isticbecauseitentailsthecooperationofallthepeople C acrosstheNet.Instead,theparanoidpeoplecantake pD stepstoprotecttheirsystemsasmuchastheywant. \E Eventually,thelocalusercommunity,ifincensed HF enough,willrebel,orfindalternativemeasures,inorder 4G togainaccesstotheNet(frompersonalexperience,this x H HAShappened).Buttheimportantthingisthatsecurity d I liesinconfiguration.Youcanprotectyourhouseade PJ quatelyifyouarewillingtoinvestinalotofalarm <K systemsandlocks,butyoushouldn'tforcethisunreal (L isticviewoneveryoneelsearoundtheworld.Thisap M proach,approvedbyafew,isheldincontemptbymost N oftheNetandinthecurrentforeseeablefuturewill O NOThappen. P  5 MostoftheInternetprotocolsareveryopen:the  lQ SMTPprotocolisoneexamplewhereonecanfake !XR e-mailmessagesinaninstant(asdemonstratedhere"I "D S couldbe president@whitehouse.gov).Butthisisthe #0!T sameopennesswhich,Ibelieve,hasresultedinus t$"U havingverycoolmailpackagessuchaspineorelm. `%#V NFSisanotherprotocolthatweakensasystem'ssecu L&#W ritytoagreatextreme.CanyouimplementNFSwith 8'$X somuchsecurity(suchasencryption,etc.)andhaveit $(%Y stillbeefficient?Idontthinkso.Gopherserversare )&Z anothersecurityrisk,butonlyifimproperlyconfigured. )'[ Withtherightsetoflocks,yourmachine__A9+)Z-dqE X-Acanindeed *(\ existreasonablysecurelyontheNet.TheNet,andits +|)] simplicityshouldnotbecompromisedforhuman ,h*^ misdemeanors. -T+_  5 Butwhydoweneedlocksinthefirstplace?Why .@,` can'teverythingbeopen?Thisbringsustothesortofin X dividualsabusingtheNet.Theseareunemployedmorons D whohavenothingbettertodothantowastetheNets 0 resourcesinseveralways.Thesearethesortofpeople  whoindulgeinmudsandIRC.Whilethelatterdoeshave  potential,whatitisnowisbestemphasizedbywhat  Bobbywrotemeonce:  Ѐ 8IhopeithauntsyoutillthedayIRCactuallyturns t intoarealmedium,notsomecombinationoflosers,  ` net-junkies,net-surfers,role-playersandI'm_wiredom_  L  I'mcoolfreaks.  8    ThiscouldalsoapplytothosewhoMUDandthe | $  oneswhoattempttocrackmachines.Thesecurityholes h   arethere!Whataretheytryingtoprove?Thefactre T  mainsthatmostpeopleofthissortdon'tappreciatethe @  Net.ThisispartofaletterIreadintheU.Magazine: ,  Ѐ 8ThepowerofGOPHERSandotherdataaccesstools  arerestructuringthewaywegetinfo.Nottomentionthe  funthingslikee-mail(eventothepresident!),IRC  servers,_netTREK_,andothernet-basedgames.    Itclearlyshowsthisperson'sinclinationofhowthe p Netshouldbeused.Net-basedgamesareexpensiveand \ costthewholeNet.IRC,well,itisamediumthatcould H beusedforbetterpurposes,butitisalossrightnow.I 4 sayallthisbecauseitisthisattitudethatisprevalent x  amongthosewhostealpasswordsandexploitother d  system'sweaknesses(thisisdifferentfromthosefinding P outhowtodoitandthennotdoingit). <   Commercializationalsobringstheneedforsecurity. ( AslongastheNetisusedtosimplyexchangeideas,it  isreasonabletoexpectthatmostpeoplewouldnotbe  interestedinforgingaddresses,etc.Butnowyoucan  ordermerchandiseovere-mail!There'seconomicin   centiveinvolved.WhileIamnotsureabouthowthis  l! shouldbehandled,itcan'tbedeniedthatcommercial !X" ization(inanyform,including sellingaccesstothe "D # Net,allowingforbusinesstransactions,etc.)bringsin #0!$ peoplewhosemotivesarentinthebestinterestsofthe t$"% Net.Withthesystemthewayitis,youcantkeepthese `%#& peopleoutandIdoubtifthisisthesolution. L&#'   Inthepast,therewasanautomaticfilter"youhad 8'$( todosomethingspecial(gotocollege,workinabig $(%) enoughcompany,etc.)inordertogainaccesstothenet. )&* Thiswasappreciatedandthusthepeoplewhousedit )'+ werelesspronetoabuseit.Thesedays,for$40ayear, *(, amodemandacomputer,youhaveaccess.Whenit +|)- becomessoeasilyavailable,peoplestarttakingitfor ,h*. granted. -T+/   Tosummarize,peoplewhocryaboutsecurityshould .@,0 mindtheirownbusinessandproperlyconfiguretheir X0 systems.Thesamepeoplewhowhinesomucharethose D1 whohaveasinglesystemmanagerforahundred 02 A9+)(-dE(-Anetworkedcomputers.Thisisclearlyboundtocause 3 problems.ThereisNOTHINGthatcan'tbemadesecure 4 withexistingprotocols"providedyouarewillingto 5 paythepriceoflessaccesstotheNet.Iwouldalso 6 arguethatthereisNOTHINGonecandotohave t7 completelyaccesstotheNetandSTILLhavethe  `8 privacyonewants.  L9  5 Therootoftheproblem,however,iswithusers  8 : whohavenorespectforthewondrousnatureoftheNet. | $ ; Whilethisissimplyhumannature,encouraginga h  < healthyrespecttowardswhattheNetcando,forboth T = thosewhobelieveinmakingtheNetsorigidthat @ > nothinggetsdone,andthosewhointendto harmthe , ? net,isthewaytogo. @ References: B WirePirates,ScientificAmerican,March1994. pD Usenetnewsgroupssuch_comp.security_.*,etc. \E A9+) x<dEA HF   % S  <XX`sD<TheInternet:Maintaining l[and WJ ExtendingDiversity#<sD#:<<#:X`X:<h#  kK ?  byCalWoods L rcwoods@alf2.tcd.ie kM INTRODUCTION CO Thestructureofthisessayistobrieflydescribeperti /P nentfeaturesoftheInternetasitnowstandsinrelation s Q tothekeyquestionsthatfacetherapid,burgeoning, _!R development"Whopays?WhorunstheInternet? K"S andWhatfor?"andarguesthatthesituationasit 7# T currentlystandsiswellsuitedtowithstandingmonopo #$!U lizationbyanyonesector. %"V  5 Theessaythenswingstotheotherendofthespec %#W trumandconsidersissuesrelatingtohowaccesstothe &$X Internetmightbeexpandedtoallmembersofsociety, '{%Y asaninexpensivepubliccommodity,ratherthanan (g&Z expensive,personal,luxurygood;andtakesabroad )S'[ surveyofpossibilitiesfortheNetasaninstrumentof *?(\ socialpolicy-makingonanationallevel. ++)] STAYINGAPARTOFTHECULTURE:RESISTING [-+_ TAKEOVERS G.+` ____________________________________ X   Thefirstthingthatitisimportanttorealizewhen D beginningadiscussiononthefutureoftheInternetisto 0 realizethatthemulti-nationalismoftheNetmeansthat  itisunlikelythatanydecisionswillbetakenonaglobal  level.    Beingdividedintonationsisafundamentalident  ificationthatmanypeople,neverqueryorthinkbeyond. t TheInternetblowsawaythisbarrier,enablingcommun  ` icationatlightningspeedsbetweencontinents.Yetthe  L  keyfactorsindeterminingthedirectiontheInternettakes  8  areprofoundlyaffectedbythefactthatmanynations, | $  eachthinkingindependentlyoftheother,areinvolved. h     Theverybroadestplatformfordiscussionofthese T  issueswillbeatthelevelofnations"NOTinternation @  ally"simplybecausethat'sthewaythingsaredonein ,  thetwentiethcentury.AmericansandtheAmerican  governmentwilldecidewhathappensinAmerica,Irish  societywilldecidewhatisallowableinIreland,andso  on.Thenationisourbiggestunitofco-operation,and  itwillbealongtimebeforetheupstart'Internet'makes p anyrealimpressionuponpeoplesmindstoencourage \ ustocommunicateglobally. H   Nodecisioncanbetakeninavoid,butinthe 4 contextoftheexistingstructureandpasthistoryofthe x  Internet. d    TheInternethasrisengradually,growinglikeaweb, P extendingeveroutward.Thehugecostsassociatedwith < developingandmaintainingtheInternet'sinfrastructure ( areshared.Aseachbusinessoracademicinstitution  becomesawareofthebenefitsofbeingconnectedtothe  Internettheymustbepreparedtopayforthedevel  opmentrequired.Certainpeopleorgroupsmightbesaid   toowncertainpartsofthephysicalinfrastructure,but  l! nooneownsitall.Commercialinvestmentisusedasthe !X" demandbecomesapparent.Commercialcompaniesmake "D # moneyoneverything,fromsellingcomputersand #0!$ softwaretoleasingthelinesonwhichtheinformation t$"% flows. `%#&   Atamoreprofoundlevelthanownership,nooneis L&#' incontroloftheInternetasawhole.Again,theperson 8'$( whorunsasitecanrefusetocarrycertaingroupsor $(%) material,buttheydosoonlyforthatsite,andforno )&* whereelse.Evenifgovernmentsrestrictthematerial )'+ comingintoacountry,theydosoonlyforthatcountry. *(, ThosewhoinvestintheInternethavesomesayasto +|)- whatgoesonthere.Ifanationdecideswhatmaterialis ,h*. suitableforitspopulationandwhatnot,thatinformation -T+/ isreachablesomewhereintheworld,andifthereisa .@,0 demandforit,thenitwillbeobtained.Itisprobably X0 wisest,then,thatrestrictionsontheInternetremain D1 minimal,sinceoppressivestricturesonlyforceproblems 02 underground.Previoushistoryoftherepressionof 3 'socialvices'repeatedlydemonstratescompletefailure. 4  5 Thisfeatureofdiversitymeansthatanyabsolute 5 controloftheInternetbyagovernmentoracorporation 6 wouldnowbeverydifficulttoachieve.Inthesameway t7 asweeachdownloadintoouraccountsonlywhatwe  `8 wantthere,somemeasureofcontrolcouldbegainedon  L9 awiderscalebyowningthesitesorthelinktothe  8 : Internet,createdbyindividualsorcompaniesorgovern | $ ; mentsusingtheirowncapital. h  <  5 Anobviousexamplethatillustratesbothofthese T = pointsaboutdiversityandcontrolistherecentupsurge @ > throughouttheworldincommercialcompaniesoffering , ? accesstoon-lineservicesandtheInternet.Thevarious @ companieshavetopaywages,equipmentandoverheads A formaintainingthebulletinboardsandotherservices B theythemselvesprovide,butnotfortheinformationon C theInternet,whichlooksafteritself.Thishasledat pD leastoneoperatortoadvertisethat__A9+)L-dE X-Aclientsgetthe \E Internetfree! HF  5 Onlineservicesdotwothingsasregardsthenet: 4G theyprovideaccess,andtheyalsohelpstructurethenet, x H sothatitiseasilynegotiable.Thelatterofthesethe d I Internetislearningtodoforitself,inparticularvia PJ freelyavailableprogramssuchasMosaic,soonceon <K thenet,ausercansetthemselvesupfairlywell.The (L onlyproblemisgettingoninthefirstplace. M  5 AsfarasIcansee,thecrucialfactorinmaintaining N thefreedomonthenetasawholeisthefreedomgiven O touserswithinthelargergroups.Inotherwords,solong P asschools,universitiesandcolleges,andbusinesses,as  lQ themaingroupsofusers,givetheirstudentsandem !XR ployeescompleteaccesstotheInternet,enablingthem "D S toworkbeyondandoutsideoftheiracademicorcom #0!T panypurposes,thentheNetasawholewillbebeyond t$"U thehandsofanyonegroup.Putintheirmostobvious `%#V form"controlbyalargenumbermakescontrolbyany L&#W onepersonmoredifficult;andfreedomofexpression 8'$X byalargenumbermakesanyrepressionmoredifficult $(%Y forthosewhowouldrestrictaccess. )&Z #X`XX:X`"#:X`XXX` 5 Insum:totalkofpeople'takingdecisions'as )'[ thoughsomepowergrouphasthepotentialtositdown *(\ anddecidehowtheNetisgoingtobe,isanabuseof +|)] #X`XX:X`#:X`XXX`language,giventhecurrentdeterminingfactorsofthe ,h*^ Internet. -T+_  .@,` ЇBECOMINGAPARTOFTHECULTURE1:COM D MUNITYACCESS 0 _______________________________________A9+)g-dE X-A_    IntheU.S.,FederalandStateGovernmentsare  drawingonpropertyandsalestaxes,andonstatelotter  ies,inordertoploughmoneyintoeducation,and  Аthereby,intothenet.Buttheclearbeneficiariesofthis t casharenotthegeneralpublic.TheInternetbeganasa  ` meansofcommunicatinginformationbetweenpro  L  fessionalsinthecomputerandscientificworlds,andits  8  original#X`XX:X`#:X`XXX`nodesareplacesofresearch"universitiesand | $  largecompanies.Butsincethenmuchwiderusesforthe h   Internethavebecomeapparent"Usenethasbecomea T  gatheringplaceforseriousdiscussantsinterestedinevery @  conceivablesubject,(1)andthematerialkeptatarchives ,  worldwidehassimilarlydiversified.Leisurehasalso  founditswayontotheNetbecauseofthepotentialto  encodeinformationinpictures,soundsandmovies.The  Internethasevenbeentouted(andimplementedinsmall  scale(2))asadiscussionforumanddecisionmaking p processforsocialpolicyonmany#X`XX:X`#:X`XXX`levels. \ #X`XX:X`#:X`XXX`  Taxpayerswhohavenoproblemdonatingaper H centageoftheirhard-earnedincometoacademicinsti 4 tutionsonthebasisthatitultimatelybenefitssocietymay x  nowhavereasontofeelaggrievedthattheythemselves d  arenotseeingthebenefitofthetaxmoneytheycontrib P ute.Thoseinacademicestablishmentsareperceivedto < haveanunfairadvantagethattheordinarycitizencould ( welldowith#X`XX:X`@#:X`XXX`"accesstoinformationandeducation.  Despitetheperceivedegalitarianismofthenet,that  equalityisavailableonlytoanintellectualandbusiness  elite.Thetechnologicalcapabilitiesexistthatmeanthe   Netcanreachintoanybuilding"notjustuniversities  l! andoffice-blocksbutlibrariesandindividualhomesas !X" well.Iftheordinarytax-payerissupportingthenet,then "D # whyaren'ttheyseeinganyofit? #0!$   Further,iftheNetistobecomeasocialinstrument t$"% withpotentialquorumsofentirecommunities,statesand `%#& evenpopulations,givingaccesstothepublicatlargewill L&#' requirethecurrentindirectstreamtoturnitselfintoa 8'$( directflood. $(%)   Acertainsmallproportionoftheeducationmoney )&* toCollegesanduniversitiesreachesthepublicinthe )'+ formofFreenetsinlocalcommunities,butthenumbers *(, aresmall.Thedependenceonacademicinstitutionsis +|)- waning,andsomeFreenetprojectsarenowlookingto ,h*. localonlineprovidersandtogovernmenttoplaytheir -T+/ partincommunitiesbyallowingnon-profitgroupsto .@,0 giveaccess.(3)(4)(5) X0  5 Butdespitealltheseefforts,ifuseoftheInternet D1 istooccuronagrandscale,theninvestmentonagrand 02 scalewillberequired.Itistemptingthentosendouta 3 calltogovernmentstoprovidefundsfornationwide 4 investment,perhapsbythecreationofthesamekindof 5 companiesasAOLandDelphiexceptnon-profitand 6 taxfunded. t7  5 Internetshistorysuggeststhatthisgrandinvest  `8 mentwillcomefromamyriadofdiverselocations.This  L9 isprobablybest,sincewithlargescaleownershipof  8 : Netresourcesmustcomethefeelingofcontrollingthe | $ ; Net"thepipercallsthetune"especiallyifthatin h  < vestorisagovernment.Unlessgovernmentsarepre T = paredtograntthesamesweepingfreedomsasthe @ > majorityofacademicandbusinessinstitutions,than , ? suchlargeplayerinthefieldwouldbringanunbalanc @ ingeffect.Despitethecircumstancesdepictedinthe A firstpartofthispaper,Ithinkthattheareaofpublic B accesshasyetbeeninadequatelycolonizedbythepublic C atlarge,sothatlargescaleinvestmentbygovernments pD nowwouldpotentiallygrantthemalargemeasureof \E control. HF  5 Itisprobablybestthen,thatthecallgoesoutfor 4G governmentinvestmentnotinnationalsystemsthatit x H cancallitsown,ortoputinplaceinfrastructureover d I whichithasexclusivecontrol,butfromlocalcommuni PJ tiesandstatestoapplyforgrantsforusetowardthe <K foundation(andexpansion(6))ofsmaller-scalegroup (L ings. M  5 TheinterestinFreenetsandcommunityaccesswill N hopefullygrowfromitspresenttrickleandseeasimilar O rateofgrowthsimilartheInternet'sownexponential P spread.Freenetprovidersarealwaysinadifficult  lQ position,becausetheyneedtoobtainfunds,butwithout !XR anystringsattached.Optimistically,thereisapromising "D S analogybetweentheexamplesquotedhereandthe #0!T initially'indirect'developmentofnetworkingtechnol t$"U ogyfromuniversityandotherresearchfunds. `%#V  5 Whatpeoplefearaboutinvolvementofadominant L&#W bodyinprovidingInternetservicesisthatitwillimpose 8'$X somekindofrestrictionsorcensorship.Ifagovernment $(%Y runssites,itisperfectlyentitledtodowhateveritwants )&Z withthosesites,butinthesamewayasAOLand )'[ ProdigyhavefoundthattheNetisbiggerthanthey *(\ are,centralgovernmentwillfindlocalandstatecom +|)] munitiesorganizedandreadytoasserttheirpower. ,h*^  .@,` ЇBECOMINGAPARTOFTHECULTURE2:NA D TIONWIDEACCESS 0 ______________________________________    Inthelongterm,possibilitiesexistfornationwide  useofcomputernetworks.Communityleadershavebeen  madeawareoftheInternet'spotentialforregainingsome  ofthebottom-upmadedifficultby__A9+)v-dE X-Acentralizedgovern t mentsandparliaments.Veryoften,notonlyisasystem  ` top-heavybutitstopisonethatiswidelymistrusted  L  asbeingarepresentativevoiceofordinarypeople.If  8  discussionofnationalissuesweretotakeplaceina | $  forumaccessibletothemasses,therewouldbean h   opportunityforcitizenstoexpresstheiropinionsdirectly, T  andbringpoliticianstogreateraccount. @    True_polis_-_ticians_Ԁwillrealizetheopportunityof ,  returningpowertoapublicforumwithaninformed  public,andperhapsencourageit,eventhoughitmeans  aradicalcrumblingoftheirownivorytowers.Thewhole  ideaofInternetforthepeopleistostopprophecieslike  thiscomingtrue, IthinkcompanieslikeAOLarewell p positionedtobethewaymostAmericansconnecttothe \ Internet.(7)yetavoidhavingtotowthelineinreturn H forgovernmentcash. 4   Afullyfunctioningdemocraticfederationdoesnot x  simplyinvolvelocalpeoplebeingresponsibleforlocal d  decisions,butalsohavinganeffectivevoiceinnational P policy.Inordertoachievethis,itmustbepossiblefor < communicationtopasssmoothlybetweenlowerto ( higherechelonsandback.Therequirementsofsuchan  organarethatinformationbewidelydisseminated,  discussionthatgrantsanequalvoicetoallparticipants,  and,evenifdecisionsaretakenbyaminority,thepower   tocallthosedecision-makerstoaccount.Theseare  l! inherentcharacteristicsoftheInternet. !X"   TheInternethasthusfarsurvivedthearrivalof "D # commercialenterprisesdueinalargemeasuretothefact #0!$ thatitwasalreadyhometotheenterprisesthatbusinesses t$"% wantedtousecomputersandcomputernetworksfor.The `%#& Internetcanstrengthenitschancesofsurvivinga(na L&#' tional)governmentalinfluxbyalreadybeingtheplace 8'$( werepolicydiscussionisheld.Preparationisalready $(%) underwayintheformoftheselocalgroupswhoare )&* organizinglocally.Andthepowertoturntheseinto )'+ nationalandeveninternationalforumsresidesinthe *(, compatibilityofthetechnologyitself. +|)- ______________________________________ ,h*. Notes: -T+/  .@,0 1.TheperfectexampleofthisistherecentCallfor X0 DiscussionofaseparateartshierarchyonUsenet. D1 Message-ID: 02 Subject:RFD:NewHierarchyforArts&Humanities 3 From:mccombtm@netcom.com(ToddMichel 4 Ѐ_McComb_) 5 Newsgroups:. t7 2.e.g.SantaMonicasPublicElectronicNetwork  L9  Paidforentirelybytaxpayerdollarsandaccessibleto  8 : allcityresidents,PENisthefirstfree,government | $ ; sponsoredelectronicnetworkintheUnitedStates. h  < _Yakety_-Yak,DoTalkBack!JoanVanTassel_Wired_ T = Jan.94. @ > 3. SinceourFreenetisnon-profitwearetryingtoget @ ourNetconnectiondonatedfromalocalservicepro A vider. B Message-ID: pD Newsgroups:_alt.amateur_-comp,_alt.culture.usenet_,alt. \E _internet.mediacoverage_ HF From:jeffrey-ollie@uiowa.edu(JeffreyC.Ollie) 4G Date:29Sep199423:29:17-0500 x H  5 Hecontinueshowever: Sincetheserviceprovider d I isdonatingtheNetconnectiontosomeonethatwillbe PJ givingaccessaway(wewon'tchargeusersanything, <K we'llbeentirelyrunondonationsandgrants),the (L serviceproviderhasavalidinterestinlimitingwhatwe M giveawayaswewouldbetakingawaytheirbusiness. N Formoreontheargumentastowhethercommercial O companieswillloseorbenefitfromFreenets,seeTom P А_Grundner_'sLettertotheEditor Free-Netsbenefitcom  lQ mercialnetworks.inSept.7_Chronicle_. !XR 4. We,at_dorsai_,haverequested$1.3millionfromthe #0!T government(whichwewillmatchwithequivalentfunds t$"U comingfromtheprivatesector)tobuild16sitesonthe `%#V Net.Thosewillbeputinschools,libraries,community L&#W centers8 8'$X Message-ID: $(%Y Newsgroups:_alt.amateur_-comp,_alt.culture.usenet_,alt. )&Z _internet.mediacoverage_ )'[ From:tristan@dorsai.org(Net-Runner) *(\ Date:Thu,29Sep199421:27:41GMT +|)] 5.InPuttingCitizensonLineinthe_Chronicleof -T+_ HigherEducation_DavidL.Wilsonreportsthat All .@,` ofthenearly$2millionbudgetedforthe[Sailor]project X camefromfederalmoneyfunneledtopubliclibraries. D (pageA19) 0 6.WilsonquotesKen_Klingenstein_: Ingeneral,the  communitynetworksIhaveseenfailedbecausethey  neverreachedcriticalmass,orbecausetheyreached  criticalmassandcollapsedundertheirownweight.  Onceacommunityunderstandsthepowerofnetworking, t hesays,thesystembecomesflooded.Ifmoneyisn't  ` availabletoexpandusersbecomefrustratedasthe  L  systemslowsdown,andeventuallytheystoppartic  8  ipating. | $  7.SteveCase,presidentofAmericaOnline.Quotedin T  HookedUpToTheMaxPhilipElmer-_Dewitt_._Time_ @  magazinearticlepostedto_alt.internet.media_-coverage ,  94-09-2312:28:12EDT  Copyright1994calwoods  [AuthorsNote:ThispapercanbefoundontheWWW  athttp::V X:X`//scrg.cs.tcd.ie/scrg/u/rcwoods/internet_diversity.html#:X`X :V7# p #X`XX:X`#    <XX`tD<DoYouWanttoLoseYourVoice#<tD&##X`X<# t  x    byKenMalone 4 % @ (ReprintedfromTheSearchlightJan20,1944,p.8, x  Flint,MI) d  kX`XXX`[EditorsNote:Thefollowingarticlewaswrittenin1944 < byKenMalone,aneditoroftheuncensoredlocalunion ( newspaperTheSearchlight.ThefightbyChevroletauto  workersinFlint,Michigan,todefendfreedomofthe    pressisreminiscentofthebattleovertheNettoday.  ! Therefore,weareincludingthisarticleinthisspecial !" issuebecauseofthehelpfulperspectiveitcanprovide "l # fortoday.Sadly,KenMalone,whowasaFlintSitDown #X!$ Strikerin193637diedinAugust1993.] $D"% #X`XXkX`#:X`XXX`  BrothersandSisters,doyouwishtohaveyour %0#& Searchlightsuspended? t&$'   Ifyoudo,thenjustlistentothewhisperingcam `'%( paignsthataregoingonintheshopandinthelobbyof L(%) theunionhall.Thesecampaignsarebeingcarriedon 8)&* daily.Theyarebeingcarriedonbypeoplewhocon $*'+ tributenothingtothepaper.Itmaybetheycan'twrite. +(,   Inthelastmembershipmeetingtherewereseveral +)- desperateattemptsbyaveryfewtoemasculatethepaper. ,*. SomeevenadvocatedcontrolalaHitler.Imeancom -|+/ pleteabolitionofit. X/  5 Thesefewpeoplewhowouldtakeyourpaperfrom D0 youarethosewhowantcompletecontrolofyourunion 01 tothedetrimentofthemembership. 2  5 Comparativelyspeaking,therearefewmembers 3 whoattendmembershipmeetings,soconsequentlyfew 4 knowwhatgoesonintheirunion.Onemightanswer 5 thatbysayingthatitisanymember'sfaultthathe t6 doesn'tattendmeetingstokeepabreastofhisunion.  `7 Thatisverytrue,butsupposeeachofour11,000  L8 membersdecidedtoattendamembershipmeeting,how  8 9 wouldweaccommodatethem?Ourmainauditorium | $ : willseatprobably500atmost. h  ;  5 Othersmaysay,ohwell,thatisaremotepossibility T < thatallourmembersmaydecidetoattendthesame @ = meetings.WiththatIagree.Butbecauseofsuchex , > cusesarewegoingtocloseoureyesandearstothese ? attemptstoremovethelastsemblanceofaggressiveness @ fromourunion?Isaywearen'tgoingbacktothelast A membershipmeeting,Isaidtherewereafewbold B attemptstowrestthemostpotentvoiceofyoubrothers pC andsistersfromyou.Oneproposalreadthus:We \D recommendthatTheSearchlightbesuspendeduntilthe HE electionofaneweditorialstaff. 4F  5 Thetwo(2)peopleresponsiblefortheabove x G attemptatkeepingyouignorantofwhatyourunionis d H doing,promisedaverysmallhandfulofpeoplewho PI wereblindlyledintosupportingsuchamove,thatthey <J (thetwo)wouldtakethefloorinmembershipmeeting (K andfighttoputitacross.Butthesetwowho,bythe L way,areinfavoroftheincentiveorbonusplan,didn't M eventrytogettheflooronsoviciousathing,muchless N fightforitspassage. O  5 Themembershiphasneverhadaccesstosobroad  lP a_#X`XX:X`#:X`XXX`_A9+)h-dE X-AknowledgeofunionaffairsuntiltheyestablishedThe !XQ Searchlight.Nowthatmanymembersarereadingand "D R becominginquisitiveaboutunionaffairs,ithascaused #0!S afewwhowouldkeepyouinthedarkaboutyourown t$"T uniontobecomepanicky. `%#U  5 Knowingtheycan'tjustifytheirargumentsthrough L&#V thepaper,theystooptowhisperingcampaignsand 8'$W snaringinnocentvictimsintotemporarilysupporting $(%X legislationthatwouldmakeHitlerwince. )&Y  5 Itisn'tsolongagowewereunabletogetenough )'Z peopleinterestedintheirownunionaffairstogeta *([ quorumtoholdameeting.ButsinceTheSearchlight +|)\ hasawakenedmanyofthemtowhatmayhappentoour ,h*] union,wehavelargeturn-outsateachmembership -T+^ meeting.Therewasatimethatformonthswehadno .@,_ membershipmeetingsbecauseofthelackofinterestdue X toalackofenlightenmentastowhattranspiredinthe D union.Thatisn'tsotodayandifweprotectandpreserve 0 ourfreespeechandpressbydefeatingthesewould-be  blinders,wewillcontinuetohavelarge,interestingand  enlighteningmembershipmeetings.    Inclosing,BrothersandSisters,don'tallowyour  strongestunionprotectiontodieforthelackofsupport. t Ifthispaperiscontrolledassomefewwishittobe,then  ` youmayaswellreadtheshoptalkcolumnintheSunday  L  Journalasfaraslearningthescoreonunionissues.  8    PresentlyTheSearchlightiscontrolledbyyou,the | $  membership.Keepitthatway.Bewareofthesewhispers h   andghoststories.Betterstill,recapturecontrolofevery T  branchofyourunion.#X`XX:X`1# @  A9+) xdEX+A ,  % Q   <XX`uD<Summary"RoyalSocietyofLondon  as  ScientificPerspective#<uD##X`X<# tsP ' [EditorsNote:Thefollowingarticleispart3of From ' ARPAnettoUsenet.Parts1and2appearedinThe  AmateurComputerist,vol5no.3/4andvol6no.1.]  PartIII    Theearly1600s,likecontemporarytimes,wasa k periodinBritainwhennewformsandmethodsof W productionwerebecomingpossible.Anattitudeof C respectfordatathatcomesfromthephysicalworldand / scientificobservationsbasedonthatdatahadbeen s developinginGreatBritainandontheContinent(espe _ ciallyinItaly.) K    Interestedinputtingintopracticethescientific 7 ! methodandprinciplesthathadbeendevelopedbySir #!" FrancisBacon,andinapplyingtheirsciencetoservethe "# wellbeingoftheBritishpeople,agroupofamateur " $ scientistsbegantogather.Meetingineachother'shomes #!% andtheninGreshamCollegeinLondon,theyformed ${"& whatcametobeknownastheInvisibleCollege.They %g#' metonWednesdaysandconductedexperimentsin &S$( differentareasofproductionandscience.Thefollowing '?%) stanzasarefromaballadoftheperioddescribingtheir (+&* activities: o)'+   Iftoberich,andtobelearned [*(,    ( Beeverynations_chiefest_Ԁglory, G+(-   HowmuchareEnglishmenconcerned 3,).    ( Greshamtocelebrateinstory -*/   Whobuiltth'Exchangetoenrichthe__A9+)h-dE X-A_Citty_  .+0  5   And_Colledge_ԀfoundedtheWitty X0  5 Asecondhathdescribedatfull D1  5   ThePhilosophyofmakingCloth 02  5 Tellsyou,whatGrassdothmakecourse_Wooll_ 3  5   AndwhatitisthatbreedstheMoth 4  5 Greatlearningis'_ith_ԀartofClothing 5  5   ThoughvulgarPeoplethinkitnothing.(43) 6  5 Theexperimentsconductedbyamateurscientists t7 likeRobertBoyle,SirChristopherWren,Thomas  `8 Hooker,andSirWilliamPetty,andtheunderstanding  L9 ofthelawsofhowthephysicalworldoperatedgener  8 : atedfromtheirexperiments,ledtoasignificantincrease | $ ; intheabilityofBritishindustrytomodernizeitsmeth h  < odsofproduction.Thisbreakthroughmadepossiblethe T = industrialrevolution.(44) @ >  5 Thissameneedforanexperientialbasisforknowl , ? edgeandforabroadnessofknowledgeandhonesty @ aboutproblemswasunderstoodbytheresearcherswho A workedontheARPAnet.Asimilarattitudenourished B thebirthandearlydevelopmentoftheuucpnetwork C thatwasbornandgrewupasthechildoftheUNIX pD community,UsenetNews. \E  5 Puttingone'stheoriesandmodelsintoaform HF actuallytestedandrevisedbasedonthedatareceived, 4G hasbeenthebasisforthestartlingdevelopmentsinthe x H fieldofcomputercommunicationandautomationwhich d I havemadetheglobalnetworkpossible. PJ  5 U.S.governmentfundingthroughtheAdvanced <K ResearchProjectsAgency(ARPA)andtheAcceptable (L UsePolicy(AUP)thataccompaniesU.S.government M funding,helpedtocreateanatmosphereencouraging N experimentationandinnovation.TheARPAnetpioneers O werefreefromthelimitationsofcommercialobjectives P andartificialtimepressures.  lQ  5 Theobligationoftheacademiccommunitytokeep !XR scientificworkopentothepublicandtoavoidusing "D S theirfundstosupportanyparticularcommercialinter #0!T est,inasimilarway,madeitpossibleforUsenetpio t$"U neerstocreateanddevelopanetworkthathasmade `%#V possiblethecooperativesolvingoftechnicaland L&#W scientificproblems.(45) 8'$X  5 ThedevelopmentoftheARPAnetanditsevolution $(%Y intotheNSFbackboneoftheInternet,andthecreation )&Z andexpansionofUsenetNews,aretheharbingerofa )'[ significantnewcapacityofoursocietytoproducefor *(\ theneedsofitspeople.Itisthispotentialcapacity, +|)] whichisonlybeginningtoberealizedandishelpingto ,h*^ changegovernmentsandeconomicsystemslikethose -T+_ inEasternEuropeandtheformerSovietUnion,that .@,` obstructitsfruition.(46)Thiscapacityhasbeendevel X opedbythosefreeofmarketforces,byscientistsand D researchers,bycomputerscientistsworkingunder 0 academicconditionsorgovernmentcontracts,andby  studentandamateurparticipants.Theactivecooperation  ofpeoplearoundtheworldisaforcetocontinueto  expandtheparticipatorynatureofUsenetNewsandthe  globalcomputernetwork,theInternet,andtooppose t effortstocommercializeandfreezethesedevelopments.  ` Acooperativeculturehasbeencreatedandhasinturn  L  nurturedthegrowingGlobalComputerCommunications  8  Networkthathasdevelopedoverthepast25years.This | $  cooperativenetworkingculture,thisNetCommonwealth, h   portendstotransformsocietyaswenowknowit. T  ____________________________________________ @  Notes: ,  (43)Takenfrom InpraiseofthechoiceCompanyof  PhilosophersandWitswhomeetonWednesdaysweekly  atGreshamCollege,in TheEconomicWritingsofSir  WilliamPetty,ed.CharlesHenryHull,volII,Cam  bridge,1899,p.324. p (44)See SirFrancisBaconandtheShorterHoursBill, H TheAmateurComputerist,vol.5,no.1-2. 4 (45)See Arte,ComputersandUsenetNews,in The d  AmateurComputerist,vol.4Supplement,Fall'92. P (46)Seeforexample TheInformationTechnologiesand ( EastEuropeanSocieties,byGaryL._Geipel_,A._Tomatz_  _Jarmoszko_,andSeymourGoodman,in EastEuropean  PoliticsandSociety,vol.5,no.3,p.394438.  A9+) xdEXA   % `    zX8XXX`zAXzX8 BOOKPROPOSAL woB  "S $ O    THENETASANAGENTFORCHANGE #g!% OntheHistoryandImpactofthe ${"& АGlobalComputerNetwork#<zA[ ##X`X<z # %#' Ѐ  &$(    Thestoryofthecreationanddevelopmentofthe '%) GlobalComputerNetwork,anachievementthatisone ({&* ofthegreatachievementsofhumansociety,isastoryas )g'+ importantastherealityoftheNetitself.Thestoryofhow *S(, theNethasbeenbuiltisnotonlyhelpfulinitsownright, +?)- butitisalsoneededtogainmuchneededperspectiveon ,+*. theimpactthatthisdevelopmentwillhaveforhuman o-+/ societyintheupcomingnewMillennium.Thisbookwill [.,0 tellthestoryofthebuildingoftheNetanditwill X0 presentsomeofthemanyexperiencesandobservations D1 ofpeoplearoundtheworldabouttheimpactthatthe 02 Netishavingontheirlives. 3 ChapterOutline 5 IntroductionandPreface t7 Chapter1"TheVision"InteractiveComputingand  L9 CreatingaSupercommunityofCooperativeOnline  8 : Communities | $ ;  5 Theearlyexperienceofinteractivecomputingand h  < oftimesharinginsteadofbatchprocessingledcom T = putersciencepioneerstorealizethattheywereonthe @ > vergeofthecreationofanimportantnewtechnology. , ? Thischapterwilldescribethevisionandthedevelop @ mentsthatgavebirthtothefoundationonwhichthe A GlobalComputerNetworkwasbuilt. B Chapter2"ARPAandtheARPAnet pD  5 Thischapterwilldescribetheprocessthatmadeit \E possibletobuildtheNet.J.C.R.Licklider,whosevision HF ofanintergalacticcomputernetworkhelpedtoinspire 4G computerscientistsandgraduatestudentswhobuiltthe x H ARPAnet,convincedtheU.S.DepartmentofDefense d I tosupportresearchtoadvancecomputerA9+)N-dE X-Asciencetech PJ nology.HeandthesubsequentdirectorsoftheAd <K vancedResearchProjectsAgency(ARPA)made (L governmentsupportandfundingavailabletoacademic M andresearchcomputerscientiststocarryonthead N vancedcomputerscienceresearchneededtobuildthe O ARPAnet. P Chapter3"TheNetworkWorkingGroupSolvesthe !XR ProblemofHosttoHostProtocolsandCreatesthebasis "D S fortheInternet. #0!T  5 WhiletheARPAcontractorBBNestablishedanet t$"U workofIMPstomakeanetworkpossible,graduate `%#V studentsatsiteswithARPAcontractswerecharged L&#W withthetaskofmakingitpossiblefordifferentcomput 8'$X ersontheARPAnettocommunicatewitheachother. $(%Y Creatingabodyofcommonexperienceaspartofthe )&Z NetworkWorkingGroup,andcommonknowledgeand )'[ discussionthroughtheRequestsForComment(RFC's), *(\ theNetworkWorkingGrouplearnedhowtosolvethe +|)] HosttoHostprotocolproblemandthebasiswassetfor ,h*^ theInternet. -T+_  .@,` :X`XXX`ԀChapter4"MeanwhileUNIXisborn X   UNIXgrewoutofthecollaborationofacademicand D industrialresearchers,sponsoredbytheU.S.government 0 ontheMulticsproject.Duringthelate1960s,thein  creaseddemandonAT&Tfortelephoneserviceledto  pressuretomakeitsoperationsmoreefficient.During  thissametimeperiod,BellLabscomputerscience  researcherswhohadbeeninvolvedwithresearchon t operatingsystemsandtimesharingwiththeMultics  ` projecthadtheirsitewithdrawnfromtheProjectin1969.  L  Inordertohaveaccesstotheadvancedformofcomput  8  ingfirstprovidedbyCTSSandthenMultics,BellLabs | $  researcherscreatedtheirowntimesharingsystem,which h   cametobeknownasUNIX,basedonthelessonsthey T  learnedfromtheMulticscollaboration.Thenwhen @  AT&Thadtoautomateitsswitchingandtelephone ,  supportoperations,UNIXmadeitpossible.  Chapter5"TCPiscreatedandtheInternetisBorn    BuildingontheexperiencesoftheNetworkWork  ingGroup(NWG)andthebodyoftechnicalknowledge p itcreated,theproblemofhowtobuildanetworkof \ networkswasclarified.Thischapterdescribesthepro H cessbywhichTransportControlProtocol(TCP)was 4 createdandthenhowthismadepossibletheInternet. x  Chapter6"TheEvolutionofUsenetNews"ThePoor P Man'sARPAnet <   ThischapterdescribeshowUsenetNewsbeganand ( howitgrew.UsingUNIXandUNIXtools,particularly  uucp,whichwerereleasedwithUNIXEdition7inthe  summerof1979,graduatestudentsatDukeUniversity  andtheUniversityofNorthCarolinaatChapelHill   designedtheNetnewssoftwaretomakeitpossiblefor  l! differentUNIXsitestocreateacommunicationsnet !X" work.Fromasmalllocaluucpnetworkconnectingthe "D # computersattheirdifferentsites,aglobaluucpnetwork #0!$ grewupthatsurprisedeventhepioneersthemselves. t$"% Fromitsearlybeginningsasanonlinecommunitywhich `%#& providedneededonlinesupportfortheUNIXcom L&#' munity,UsenetNewscontinuestogrowandexpandat 8'$( anamazingratetoday.Thischapterwillalsodescribethe $(%) participatoryonlinecommunitythatUsenetNewsmakes )&* possibletoday. )'+ Chapter7"_UCB_ԀgivestheworldBSDandbundles +|)- TCP/IPwithit ,h*.   TheU.S.governmentrealizedthatitneededtostan -T+/ dardizeitscomputeroperatingsystemsandturnedtothe .@,0 UniversityofCaliforniaBerkeleytocreateaversionof X0 UNIXtodoso.WhenitbuiltTCP/IPintothenewBerk D1 eleySoftwareDistribution(BSD)ofUNIX,animpor 02 tantstepinmakingcomputernetworkingavailableto 3 theworldwasmade. 4 Chapter8"OtherNetsLinkUp 6  5 CSNet,BITNET,Fidonet,Freenet"theseare t7 someoftheotherNetsthathavedevelopedaspartof  `8 oralongsidetheInternet,butwhichhavehelpedto  L9 developtheGlobalNetworkthatnowexists.This  8 : chapterdescribessomeoftheforcesthathelpedthese | $ ; Netsdevelopandwhathashappenedwiththem. h  < A9+)-dE X-AChapter9"HelloWorld!We'reallears! @ >  5 Whoisoutthere?Commentsfrompeoplearound , ? theworldwhoareconnectingtotheNetaboutwhat @ theyseeastheimportanceoftheNetandwhattheyfeel A aretheproblemstocontinuednetworkexpansion. B Chapter10"TheNetandtheNetizens pD  5 WhatdoestheNetmeantothosewhoareonit? \E ThischapterdescribesexperiencesthatNetizenshave HF hadandobservationstheyhaveofferedinresponseto 4G questionspostedontheNetastoitsimpactforthose x H whoareonline.Thischapterdescribestheimportance d I oftheNetforaneverexpandingsetofpeoplearound PJ theworld. <K Chapter11"TheSouloftheNet:TheNetizensand M thecooperativeonlineCulture. N  5 Thischapterdescribesthecooperativeculturethat O manyhaveobservedisthe SouloftheNet.Something P veryimportanthasbeencreatedonlineandithashelped  lQ topromotebothanewvisionofwhatispossibleanda !XR newunderstandingofthechallengetooursocietythat "D S thesedevelopmentsrepresent.Alongstandingaspect #0!T ofNetcultureistheconcernthattheexplodinggrowth t$"U oftheNetcan'tbesustained.Thishascometobe `%#V knownas TheImminentDeathoftheNetisPre L&#W dicted.Manyareonceagainpredicting theimminent 8'$X deathofthenet.ThischapterexploreshowtheNet $(%Y survivedandflourishedthusfarandexamineshowand )&Z whytheNetwillcontinuetoexpandandflourish. )'[ #X`XX:X`0#A9+) xdE*A *(\  -c+` Ї% W   <XX`wD<THENETAND  ԀNETIZENS: D TheImpacttheNet pIԀhason X People'sLives#<wDFI#:<<#:X`X:<'I#  l I  byMichaelHauben ( hauben@columbia.edu l xJ#X`XX:X`J#kX`XXX`[EditorsNote:ThePrefacetothefollowingarticle D  appearedintheAmateurComputeristVol.5no.3/4] 0  #X`XXkX`K#:X`XXX`INTRODUCTION     TheworldoftheNetizenwasenvisionedsome   twentyfiveyearsagobyJ.C.R.LickliderandRobert   Taylorin TheComputerasaCommunicationDevice t  (ScienceandTechnology,April1968).Lickliderbrought `  tohisleadershipoftheDepartmentofDefense's L АARPAnetavisionof theintergalacticcomputernet 8 work.WheneverhewouldspeakofARPAnet,hewould |$ mentionthisvision.J.C.R.Lickliderwasaprophetofthe h Net.Inthispaper, TheComputerasaCommunication T Device,thatLickliderwrotewithRobertTaylor,they @ establishedseveralprincipleswhichwouldmakethe , computerplayahelpfulroleinhumancommunication.  Theyclarifiedtheirdefinitionofcommunicationasa  creativeprocessbywriting: Buttocommunicateis  morethantosendandtoreceive.Dotwotaperecorders  communicatewhentheyplaytoeachotherandrecord p fromeachother?Notreally"notinoursense.We \ believethatcommunicatorshavetodosomethingnon H trivialwiththeinformationtheysendandreceive.And 4 tointeractwiththerichnessofliving#X`XX:X`K#:X`XXX`Ԁinformation"not x  merelyinthepassivewaythatwehavebecomeaccus d  tomedtousingbooksandlibraries,butasactivepartici P   pantsinanongoingprocess,bringingsomethingtoit  intheir1968paper,andrepresentbutatinyfractionof ? theresourcestheNetcurrentlyembodies. @  5 Inthe1968paper,LickliderandTaylorfocusedon A theNetbeingcomprisingofanetworkofnetworks. B Whileotherresearchersofthetimefocusedonthe pC sharingofcomputingresources,LickliderandTaylor \D keptanopenmindandwrote: 8Thecollectionof HE people,hardware,andsoftware"themulti-access 4F computertogetherwithitslocalcommunityofusers" x G willbecomeanodeinageographicallydistributed d H computernetwork.Letusassumeforamomentthat PI suchanetworkhasbeenformed8.Throughthenet <J workofmessageprocessors,therefore,allthelarge (K computerscancommunicatewithoneanother.And L throughthem,allthemembersofthesupercommunity M cancommunicate"withotherpeople,withprograms, N withdata,orwithaselectedcombinationsofthoseA9+)h-dE X-A O resources.(32)  lP  5 Theirconceptofthesharingofbothcomputingand !XQ humanresourcestogethermatchesthemodernNet.The "D R networkingofvarioushumanconnectionsquickly #0!S forms,changesitsgoals,disbandsandreformsintonew t$"T collaborations.Thefluidityofsuchgroupdynamics `%#U leadstoaquickeningofthecreationofnewideas. L&#V Groupscanformtodiscussanidea,focusinorbroaden 8'$W outandreformtofitthenewideasthathavebeen $(%X workedout. )&Y  5 Netnews,irc,mailinglistsandmud/mush/moo/m** )'Z (variousoftheavailablediscussiontoolsontheNet)are *([ extremelydynamic.Mostcanbeformedimmediately +|)\ foreithershortorlongtermuse.Asinterestsorevents ,h*] form,discussiongroupscanbecreated.(e.g., -T+^ А9NOV89-LaboutGermanyafterthefalloftheBerlin .@,_ WallandUnification.) X   Thevirtualspacecreatedon(non-commercial) D computernetworksisaccessibleuniversally.Thisspace 0 isaccessiblefromtheconnectionsthatexist,whereas  socialnetworksinthephysicalworldgenerallyare  connectedbylimitedgateways.Sothecapabilityof  networkingoncomputernetsovercomeslimitations  inherentinnon-computersocialnetworks.Thisisim t portantbecauseitreducestheproblemsofpopulation  ` growth.Populationgrowthnowdoesnotmeanlimited  L  resourcesanymore"ratherthatverygrowthofpop  8  ulationnowmeansanimprovementofresources.Thus | $  growthofpopulationcanbeseenasapositiveasset.This h   isanewwayoflookingatpeopleincapitalistsociety. T  Everynewpersoncanmeananewsetofperspectives @  andspecialitiestoaddtothewealthofknowledgeofthe ,  world.Thisnewviewofpeoplecouldhelpimprovethe  viewofthefuture.Theoldmodellooksdownonpopula  tiongrowthandpeopleasastrainontheenvironment  ratherthantheincreaseofintellectualcontributionthese  individualscanmake.#X`XX:X`R#:X`XXX`ԀHowever,accesstotheNetneeds p tobeuniversalfortheNettofullyutilizethecontribution \ eachpersoncanrepresent.Onceaccessislimited"the H NetandthoseontheNetlosethepossibleadvantagesthe 4 Netcanoffer.LastlythepeopleontheNetneedtobe x  activeinordertobringaboutthebestpossibleuseofthe d  Network. P   LickliderforesawthattheNetallowsforpeopleof < commoninterests,whoareotherwisestrangers,to ( communicate.MuchofthemagicoftheNetisthe#X`XX:X`j#:X`XXX`  abilitytomakeacontributionofyourideas,andthenbe  connectedtoutterstrangers.Hesawthatpeoplewould  connecttoothersviathisNetinwaysthathadbeenmuch   harderinthepast.LickliderobservedastheARPAnet  l! spannedtwocontinents.Thisphysicalconnection !X" allowedforwidersocialcollaborationstoform.Thiswas "D # thebeginningofcomputerdatanetworksfacilitating #0!$ connectionsofpeoplearoundtheworld. t$"%   TheNetisalivebecauseofitsusebyordinary `%#& people.Pioneeringresearchishappening,butthemeat L&#' oftheNetexperienceisthenormaleverydayuseofthe 8'$( Net.ThusIhaveincludedmanyoftheresponsestomy $(%) researchinthispaper.Inresponsetoanothersurveyof )&* Netuses,Steve_Cavrak_Ԁrecentlywrotethefollowingto )'+ the_COMMUNET_Ԁmailinglist: TheInternetisNOTa *(, placeof'innovativestories.'Ratheritisaplaceofim +|)- pressivelycommon,everydayelectronicactivity.Itis ,h*. notahotbedofdangerous,high-tech,experimentation, -T+/ itisaplacewhereprettymuchordinarypeopledotheir .@,0 daytodaywork. X0  5 MyresearchonandabouttheNetwasveryexciting D1 forme.WhenIpostedmyinquiries,Iusuallyreceived 02 thefirstreplywithinacoupleofhours.Thefeelingof 3 receivingthatveryfirstreplyfromatotalstrangeris 4 alwaysexhilarating!Thatsetoffirstrepliesfrompeople 5 remindsmeofthemagicofE-Mail.Itisnicethatthere 6 canberemindersofhowexcitingitallis"sothatthe t7 valuedoesnotbecomelostintheshuffle.  `8  5 Whatfollowsisacollectionandpresentationofbut  L9 alittleofthewonderfuldatathatIreceivedinthe  8 : processofmyresearchutilizingtheNet. | $ ; ___________________________________________ h  < A.CRITICALMASS T =  5 Thecollectionofindividualsaddtotheinterests , ? andspecialtiesofthewhole.Mostpeoplecannowgain @ somethingfromtheNet,whileatthesametimehelping A itout.Acriticalmasshasdevelopedonthenet.Enough B peopleexistthatthewholeisnowgreaterthananyone C individualandthusmakesitworthwhiletobepartof pD it.Peoplearemeshingintellectsandknowledgetoform \E newideas.AsLarryPresssaid: InowworkontheNet HF atleast2hoursperday.I'vehadanaccountsince 4G around1975butithasonlybecomesuperimportantin x H thelastcoupleofyearsbecauseacriticalmassof d I membershipwasreached.InolongerworkinLA,but PJ incyberspace. <K  5 ManytechnicalpeopleontheNetthinkonly their (L typecurrentlyinhabittheNet.Manydifferentkindsof M peoplearenowconnectedtotheNet.Eventheoriginal N usersoftheNet(thenseveralunconnectedtest-bedsof O networkresearch)werenotonlyfromexclusively P technicalandscientificcommunities.Previously,the  lQ netswereonlyavailableinafewpartstheworld.Now !XR however,peopleofallages,frommostpartsofthe "D S globe,andofmanyprofessionsmakeupthenet. #0!T #X`XX:X`m#kX`XXX`A9+)h-dE X-A#X`XXkX` ~#:X`XXX`ԀFrom:MichaelJ.MacDonald `%#V  5 Oneoftheadvantagesthatbenefittedaclose L&#W friendofminewastheimmediateaccesstohundreds 8'$X ofpeopleamateurandprofessional8.Her[health] $(%Y prospectsaremuchbetterthanbeforetheweekof )&Z networkmonitoring. )'[  5 Theoriginalprototypenetworks(e.g.,ARPAnetin *(\ theUSA,NPLintheUnitedKingdom,CYCLADESin +|)] Franceandothernetworksaroundtheworld)developed ,h*^ thenecessaryphysicalinfrastructureforafertilesocial -T+_ networktodevelop.AsEinarStefferudwrote, .@,`   TheARPAnethasproducedseveralmonumental X results.First,itprovidedthephysicalandelectricalcom D municationsbackbonefordevelopmentofthelatent 0 socialinfrastructurewenowcall'THEINTERNET  COMMUNITY.'(ConneXions,Oct.1989vol3No.10.  p.21)    ManydifferentkindsofpeoplecomprisetheNet.  Theuniversitycommunitysponsorsaccessforabroad t rangeofpeople(students,professors,staff,professor  ` emeritus,etc)Manybusinessesarealsoconnected.A  L  K-12Netexistswithinthelowergradesofeducation  8  whichinviteyoungerpeopletobeapartofourcom | $  munity.Specialbulletinboardsoftware(e.g.,Waffle) h   existstoconnectpersonalcomputeruserstotheNet. T  VariousUNIXbulletinboardsystemsexisttoconnect @  otherusers.Itisvirtuallyimpossibletotellwhatkinds ,  ofpeopleconnecttopublicbulletinboardsystems,as  onlyacomputer(orterminal)andmodemaretheprereq  uisitestoconnect.ManyifnotallFidonetBBS's(avery  commonBBStype)haveatleaste-mailandmanyalso  participatethroughagatewaytoNetnews.Prototype p communitynetworksystemsareformingaroundthe \ world(e.g.,ClevelandFreenet,WellingtonCitynet,Santa H MonicaPublicElectronicNetwork(PEN),Berkeley, 4 Singapore)Accessviathesecommunitysystemscanbe x  aseasyasvisitingthecommunitylibraryandmember d  shipisopentoallwholiveinthecommunity. P   Inadditiontothelivingbodyofresourcesthis < diversityofNetizensrepresents,thereisalsoacontinuity ( growingbodyofdigitizeddatathatformsanotherbody  ofresources.WhetheritisNetizensdigitizinggreat  literatureofthepast(e.g.:theGutenbergProject),orit  ispeoplegatheringotherwiseobscureornonmainstream   material(e.g.,variousReligions,unusualhobbies,gay  l! lifestyle,fringe.),orifitisNetizenscontributingnew !X" andoriginalmaterial(e.g.,TheAmateurComputerist "D # newsletter),theNetfollowsinthegreattraditionofother #0!$ publicbottom-upinstitutions,suchasthepubliclibrary t$"% ortheprinciplebehindpubliceducation.TheNetshares `%#& withtheseinstitutionsthattheyservethegeneralpopu L&#' lace.Thisdataisjustpartofthetreasure.Oftenliving 8'$( Netizensprovidepointerstothisdigitizedstoreof $(%) publicityavailableinformation.Manyofthenetwork )&* accesstoolshavebeenprogrammedwiththeprinciple )'+ ofbeingavailabletoeveryone.Thebestexampleisthe *(, methodofconnectingtofilerepositoriesviaftp(file +|)- transferprotocol)bylogginginas anonymous.Most ,h*. (ifnotall)WAIS(WideAreaInformationSystems),and -T+/ gophersitesareopenforallusersoftheNet.Itistrue .@,0 thatthecurrentmembershipoftheNetCommunityis X0 smallerthanitwillbe,buttheNethasreachedapoint D1 ofgeneralusefulnessnomatterwhoyouare. 02  5 AllofthisisexactlywhytheNetcannotbeal 3 lowedtobetakenoverbycommercialentities.Oncethe 4 commercialinterestsgaincontrol,theNetwillbe 5 pervertedsoastomakeitnolongerpowerfulforthe 6 ordinaryperson.Commercialinterestsvaryfromthose t7 ofthecommonperson.Theyattempttotakeprofitfrom  `8 anyavailableway.Thus,theNetiquetteofbeinghelpful  L9 willsoonhaveapricetagattachedifcommercial  8 : interestsareallowedtogaincontrolofdistributionand | $ ; waysofaccess.AdamSmithwritesaboutthedifference h  < ininterestsbetweenthecommonpersonandthebusi T = nessownerinTheWealthofNations.Smithspeaks @ > aboutmanufacturerswhenhewrites: Itcomesfroman , ? orderofmen,whoseinterestisneverexactlythesame @ withthatofthepublic,whohavegenerallyaninterest A todeceiveandeventooppressthepublic,andwho B accordinglyhave,uponmanyoccasions,bothdeceived C andoppressedit.(ModernLibraryEdition.,p.250) pD  5 TheNethasonlydevelopedbecauseofthehard \E workandvoluntarydedicationofmanypeople.Ithas HF grown#X`XX:X`~#becausetheNetisinthecontrolandpowerofthe 4G peopleatabottom-level,andbecausethesepeople x H A9+)K-dE X-Adevelopedit.People'spostsandcontributionstotheNet d I havebeenthedevelopingforces.[See TheSocial PJ ForcesBehindtheDevelopmentofUsenetNews,The <K AmateurComputerist,Volume4,Issue4/5] (L ____________________________________________ M B.GRASSROOTS: N  5 TheNetbringspeopletogether.Peopleputinto P connectionwithotherpeoplecanbepowerful.Thereis  lQ powerinnumbers.TheNetallowsanindividualto !XR realizehispower.TheNet,uncontrolledbycommercial "D S entities,becomesthegathering,discussionandplanning #0!T centerformanypeople. t$"U  5 Thecombinedeffortsofpeopleinterestedin `%#V communicationhasledtothedevelopmentandex L&#W pansionoftheglobalcommunicationssystem.Ithielde 8'$X SolaPoolinTechnologiesWithoutBoundarieswrote: $(%Y  Thesystembecomespartofthelargestmachinethat )&Z manhaseverconstructed"theglobaltelecommuni )'[ cationsnetwork.Thefullmapofitnooneknows;it *(\ changeseveryday.(Cambridge,1990,p.56) +|)]  5 What'sontheNet?Well"UsenetNews,Freenet, ,h*^ e-mail,Libraries,ftpsites,freesoftware,electronic -T+_ newslettersandjournals,Multi-UserDomain/Dungeon .@,` (mud)/mush/moo,internetrelaychat(irc)andvarious X kindsofdatabanks.Differentservers,likeWAISand D Gophersattempttoorderandmakeutilizingthevastvar 0 ietiesandwidespreadinformationeasier.Thereexist  bothpublicandprivateservicesandsourcesofinfor  mation.Thepublicandfreeservicesoftencomeabout  throughthevoluntaryeffortsofoneorafewpeople.  Thesetechnologiesallowapersontohelpmakethe t worldabetterplacebymakinghisuniquecontribution  ` availabletotherestoftheworld.Peoplewhohavebeen  L  overlookedorhavefeltunabletocontributetotheworld,  8  nowcan.Also,thesenetworksallowmuchmoreopen | $  andpublicinteractionoveramuchlargerbodyofpeople h   thanavailablebefore.Thecommonpeoplehaveaunique T  voice"whichisnowbeingairedinanewway. @    Theemphasisisthatthisnewmachineintroduces ,  everysinglepersonassomeonespecialandinpossession  ofausefulresource.    Simple"byaccesstoavastamountofinfor  mationandanenormousnumberofbrains!BrianMay    Forageographicallysparsegroupasitis,MU* p allowspeopletogettoknowoneanother,therelevant \ newsgroupgivesasensethatthere'sacommunityout H thereandthingsarehappening,andanassociatedftpsite 4 allowsartandwritingtobedistributed.Simon_Raboczi_ x    Insummary,netshavehelpedenormouslyinthe d  disseminationofinformationfrompeopleknowledgeable P incertainareaswhichwouldbedifficulttoobtainother < wise.BrentEdwards (   Igettocommunicaterapidlyandcheaplywith  zillionsofpeoplearoundtheworld.RosemaryWarren    Thefollowingexampleshelptoshowhowthisis  possible.     Peoplearenormallyunprotectedfromtheprofit  l! desiresoflargecompanies.StevenAlexanderfrom !X" CaliforniaisusingtheNettotrytolimitthepowerof "D # otherwisemoney-hungryoilcompanies.Thisisan #0!$ exampleofthepowerofconnectingpeopletouphold t$"% whatisfairandinthebestinterestofthecommonperson `%#& inthissociety: L&#' From:StevenAlexander 8'$(   Ihavestartedcompilinganddistributing(onthe $(%) newsgroup_ca.driving_)alistofgaspricesatparticular )&* stationsinCaliforniatowhichmanypeoplewillcon )'+ tributeandkeepuptodate,andwhich,Ihope,willallow *(, consumerstocounteractwhatmanyofussuspectisthe +|)- collusive(orinanycase,price-gouging)behaviorofthe ,h*. oilcompanies. -T+/   SomeoneelsefromGermanyalsoreportedusingthe .@,0 Nettomuckrake.Hewrites: Acompanysayingthey X0 werean_e.V._Ԁ"whichmeansthattheydonotmake D1 profitbutdoitallforthepublic(_eingetragener_Ԁ_Verein_). 02 Theydidnotgivetheirphonenumber,buttheiraddress. 3  5 Theyofferedamailbox-accountincludingservice 4 for70,00DMandsaidtheywouldliketoconnectyou 5 toothers"itwasclearlyaimedatpeoplewhodonot 6 knowanythingabouttheexistingnetworks,thinking t7 thiswassomethingnew.  `8 A9+)-dE X-A 5 Askingpubliclyaboutthiscompanyresultedinthe  L9 following:  8 :  5 Someonelookedthemupinthe_e.V._ԀRegister, | $ ; whereeveryonemustbenamedbeforehecancall h  < himself_e.V._Ԁ(andpaylesstaxes),theydidnotexist T = there. @ >  5 Andtheydidnotexistinthe_IHK_,whereany , ? companymustbenamedbeforetheycanclaimtobe @ one. A  5 Someoneelsesaidthathehadcontactwiththe B personwhosenttheletter,onlyunderanothercompany C name,andthathesimplyignoredthispersonsincehe pD lookedlikeaswindler. \E  5 Sotheyareswindlers,andpeoplefromtheNet HF provedittous,wethenofcoursedidnotengagewith 4G thematall. x H  5 Worstpartis"theylookliketheymightbeasub d I organizationof***********,whichwererecentlydis PJ coveredtotryinfiltratingpublicinstitutionsbywriting <K softwareforthemcontainingbackdoorsfortheirinfor (L malorganizations8 M  5 TheNethasproveditsimportanceinothercon N temporarycriticalsituations.Astheonlyavailableline O ofcommunications,theNethelpeddefeattheattempted P coupintheex-SovietUnionin1990.Themembersof  lQ thecoupeitherdidnotknowaboutorunderstandwhat !XR _RELCOM_Ԁwas,ortheconnectionsprovedresilient "D S enoughforinfoaboutthecouptosliparoundtheinside #0!T andoutofthecountryintimetoinformtheworldand t$"U encourageresistancetothecoup.(See_comp.risks_Ԁarticle `%#V byLarryPressfrom6Sep91) L&#W  5 TheNethasalsoproveditsvalueinprovidinga 8'$X usefulmediumforstudentstouse.Studentsparticipat $(%Y ingintheChinesePro-Democracymovementhavekept )&Z intouchwithothersaroundtheworldviatheirfragile )'[ connectiontotheNet.TheNetprovidedaneasyway *(\ ofevadinggovernmentcensorstogetnewsaroundthe +|)] worldabouteventsinChinaandtoreceivebacken ,h*^ couragingfeedback.Suchfeedbackisvitalsupportto -T+_ keepthefightonwhenitseemsimpossibleorseems .@,` wrongtodoso.StudentsinFranceusedtheFrench X Minitelsystemtoorganizeasuccessfulfightagainst D attemptedtuitionraisesbytheFrenchgovernment. 0   TheinformationflowontheNetiscontrolledby  thosewhousetheNet.Peopleactivelyprovidetheinfo  rmationthattheypersonallyandotherpeoplewant.This  controlismuchmoreactivethanwhatisprovidedby  otherformsofmassmedia.Television,radio,magazines t arealldrivenbywhoownsthemandwhowritesfor  ` them.TheNetgivespeopleamediatheycancontrol.  L  Thiscontrolofinformationisagreatpowerthathasnot  8  beenavailablebeforetothecommoneverydayperson. | $  DeclanMcCreeshexplainsthisbytalkingaboutaccess h   tothemostuptodateinformation. T  From:DeclanMcCreesh @    Yougetthemostuptodateinfo.thatpeople ,  aroundtheworldcangettheirhandson,whichisgreat.  Forinstance,themediareportwhowinsaGrandPrix,  whathappenedandnotagreatdealmore.Onthenet,  however,youcangettopspeeds,latestcarandtechnol  ogydevelopments,latestrumors,majordebatesasto p АwhetherFormula1orIndycarsarebetteretc. \   TheNethelpstomaketheinformationavailable H moreA9+)h-dE X-A߀accuratebecauseofthemany-to-manyorbroadcast 4 andreadandwritecapability.Thatnewcapability(which x  isnotnormallyveryprevalentinoursociety)allowsan d  actualparticipantorobservertoreportsomething.This P capabilitygivesthepowerofjournalismorthereporter < toindividuals.Thisnewmediumallowsthesourceto ( report.Thisistruebecausethemediumallowseveryone  onlinetomakeacontributionwhiletheoldmediacontrol  whoreportsandwhattheysay.Thepossibilityofeyewit  nessaccountscanmaketheinformationmoreaccurate.   Alsothisopensupthepossibilityforagrassrootsnet  l! work.Informationispassedfrompersontoperson !X" aroundtheworld.ThusaGermancitizenlearnedabout "D # theChernobylexplosionfromtheNetbeforetheGerman #0!$ governmentdecidedtoreleaseittothepublicviathe t$"% media.Theconnectionispeopletopeopleratherthan `%#& governmentstogovernments.CitizenJournalistscan L&#' nowdistributetomorethanthosetheyknowpersonally. 8'$( Thedistributionofthewritingsofordinarypeopleisthe $(%) secondstepaftertheadventoftheinexpensivepersonal )&* computerintheearly1980s.Thepersonalcomputerand )'+ printerallowedanyonetoproducemassquantitiesof *(, documents.Personalpublishingisnowjoinedbyper +|)- sonalwide-distribution. ,h*.   Notonlyistheregrass-rootsreporting,butthe -T+/ assumptionthatfilteringisnecessaryhasbeenchal .@,0 lenged.Peoplecanlearntosortthroughthevarious X0 opinionsthemselves.SteveWelchdisagreedwithmy D1 firstpoint,butagreeswithdiscriminatoryreadingskills. 02  5 Whenyougetmoreinformationfromdiverse 3 Аsources,youdon'talways8getmoreaccurateinfor 4 mation.However,youdodevelopskillsindiscerning 5 accurateinformation8Orrather,youdoifyouwant 6 tocomeoutofthe_infoglut_Ԁjunglealive. t7  5 Governmentswhorulebasedoncontrolofinfor  `8 mationhavebeenandwillbeunderminedfromthe  L9 bottomup,iftheyhavenotalreadyandwillsuccumb  8 : tothetidesofdemocracy.AsDr.Sun_Yat_-Senofthe | $ ; ChineseDemocracyMovementoncesaid, Theworld h  < widedemocratictrendismighty.Thosewhosubmitto T = itwillprosperandthosewhoresistitwillperish.The @ > Netreintroducesthebasicideaof:X`XXX`democracyaspeople , ? powertoNetizens.Governmentscannolongereasily @ keepinformationfromtheirpeople. A  5 Manygroupswhichdonothaveastrongestab B lishedformofcommunicationsinsocietyhavefound C theNettobeapowerfultool.Ithasprovedafertile pD groundforgroupswhicharenotfirmlyestablishedin \E theirlocalculture.Forexample,forpeoplefaraway HF fromtheirhomeland,theNetprovidesanewlink. 4G From:ConHennessy x H  5 Oneuseofe-mailistosendaweeklyIrishnews d I lettertothoseinterestedwithe-mailaddresses.This PJ letteristokeepthoseIrish(andothers)uptodatewith <K whathasbeeninthenewsinIrelandforthelast7days. (L Theamountisusuallyaround40Kanditissenttoover M 1,500addresses,withsomeoftheseaddressesforward N ingandfaxingfurthersothattheestimateoffinal O recipientsis10,000. P From:GodfreyNolan  lQ  5 TheNethasimmeasurablyincreasedthequality !XR ofmylife.IamIrish,butIhavebeenlivinginEngland "D S forthepastfiveyears.Itisalotmoredifficulttoget #0!T informationaboutIrelandthanyouwouldexpect. t$"U HoweveramancalledLiam_Ferrie_ԀwhoworksinDigital `%#V inGalway,compilesanewspaperontheweeksevents L&#W inIrelandandsoIcannoweasilykeepabreastofmost 8'$X developmentsinIrishcurrentaffairs,whichhelpsme $(%Y feellikeI'mlosingtouchwhenIgohomeabouttwice )&Z ayear.Itisalsotransmittedtoabout2000Irishpeople )'[ alloverthefirstandthirdworlds. *(\ From:MadhurK.Limdi +|)]  5 Ireadyourabovepostingandwantedtosharemy ,h*^ experiencewithyou.Ihavebeenafrequentreaderof -T+_ newsinUsenetgroups!!Suchas_soc.culture.indian_, .@,` _misc.news.southasia_Ԁandbothofthesekeepmereason X ablyinformedaboutthehappeningsinmyhomecountry D India. 0   ForexampleintheUnitedStates,theNethasbeen  provenasstablecommunicationsforpeopleofvarious  religiousandsexualpersuasion(homosexualpeople,  Buddhists,Universalists,etc).  From:CaroleE.Mah t   Formeandmanyofmyfriends,theNetisourmain  ` formofcommunication.Almosteveryaspectof#X`XX:X`#:X`XXX`Ԁinter  L  personalcommunicationonthenetworkhasa  8  Аgay/lesbian/biaspecttoitthatformsatightandintimate | $  acquaintanceshipwhichsometimesevenboilsoverinto h   argumentsandenmities.Thisnetworkofconnections, T  friends,enemies,lovers,etc.facilitatespoliticalgoals @  thatwouldnototherwisebepossible(organizingletter ,  writingcampaignsabouttheGaysintheMilitaryBanvia  theACT-UPlist,beingabletosende-maildirectlytothe  WhiteHouse,findingoutaboutactivism,bashing,etc.  inotherstatesandaroundtheworld,etc).  From:Greg WolvesWoodbury p   WewillbegoingtoamarchonWashingtonand \ arecoordinatingourplansandtravelwithalargenumber H ofotherfolksaroundthecountryviae-mailandconver 4 sationsonUsenet. x  From:_Jann_Ԁ_VanOver_ d    I'mamemberofaBuddhistorganizationandjust P foundamaninBerkeleywhokeepsaMailingListthat < A9+)L-dE X-Asendsdailyguidanceanddiscussionsforthisgroup.So ( IgetalittlereligiousboostwhenIlogoneachday.    ManyothercommunitieshavealsofoundtheNet  tobeaexcellentmediumtohelpincreasecommun  ications:   From:RobDean  l!   Asamemberofthesciencefictioncommunity,I've !X" metquiteafewpeopleonthenet,andtheninperson. "D # ____________________________________________ #0!$ C.COMMUNICATIONWITHNEWPEOPLE t$"%   InmanyoftheNetizens'livestheNethasalleviated L&#' feelingsoflonelinesswhichseemextremelytoopreva 8'$( lentintoday'ssociety.TheNet'sabilitytohelppeople $(%) networkbothsociallyandintellectuallymakestheNet )&* valuableandunreplaceableinpeople'slives.Thisis )'+ formingagroupofpeoplewhowanttokeeptheNet *(, accessibleandopen. +|)-   TheNetbringstogetherpeoplefromdiversewalks ,h*. oflife,andmakesiteasierforthesepeopletocommun -T+/ icate.Itbringsthemalltogetherintothesamevirtual .@,0 spaceandremovestheimpactorinfluenceoffirst X0 impressions. D1  5 Malcolm_Humes_Ԁwrites, I'minaweofthepower 02 andenergylinkingthousandsintoavirtualintellectual 3 coffee-house,wherestrangerscanconnectwithoutthe 4 formalitiesoffacetofacerituals(hello,howareyou 5 today8)toallowadirect-connectstyleofcommun 6 icationthatseemstotranscendthe'how'stheweather' t7 kindofconversationtojustletusconnectwithoutthe  `8 bulls.  L9  5 StrangersarenolongerstrangeontheNet.People  8 : arefreedtocommunicatewithoutlimits,fearsor | $ ; apprehension.AspeoplenewtotheNetfindoutquickl h  < y,thereisarathergenerousatmospherethatthriveson T = theNet.Peoplearehappytohelpothers,andeventually @ > gethelpinreturn. , ? #X`XX:X`7#:X`XXX`ԀFrom:Jean-FrancoisMessier @  5 MyuseoftheNetistogetintouchwithmore A peoplearoundtheworld.Idon'tknowforwhat,when, B how,butthat'simportantforme.NotthatI'minasmall C town,farfromeverybody,butthatIwanttobeableto pD establishlinkswithothers.Infact,becauseofthosenets \E Iuse,Iwould!NOT!wanttogotoasmalltown,just HF becausethephonecallswouldbetooexpensive.I'veto 4G saythatI'mnotanexpressivepeople.I'mnotagreat x H talker,norsomebodywhocouldmakeshows8.I'm d I moreanintrovert8. PJ #X`XX:X`#:X`XXX` 5 ButyetJean-Francoishasmadecontactwithme. <K Thisisanexampleofthesocialpowerofthenet. (L From:Laura_Goodin_ M  5 LastsummerIwastravelingtoDenverandIused N alistservmailinglisttofindoutwhetheraparticular O runninggroupIrunwithhadabranchthere.Theydid, P andIhadawonderfultimemeetingpeoplewithacom  lQ moninterest(anddrinkingbeerwiththem);Iwasno !XR longerastranger. "D S ____________________________________________ #0!T D.BROADENEDANDWORLDLYPROSPECTIVE: t$"U  5 Easyconnectiontopeopleandideasfromaround L&#W theworldhasapowerfuleffect.Awarenessthatweare 8'$X justmemberofthehumanspeciesthatspanstheentire $(%Y globechangesapersonspointofview.Itisabroad )&Z eningperspective.Itisveryeasyforpeopletoassume )'[ alimitedpointofviewiftheyareonlyexposedto *(\ certainideas.TheNetbringstheisolatedindividualinto +|)] contactwithpeople,opinions,andviewsfromtherest ,h*^ oftheworld.Exposuretomanypossibleopinionsgives -T+_ thereaderachancetoactuallythinksomethingover .@,` beforemakingadecisionastoapersonalopinion. X Havingaccesstothe MarketplaceofIdeasallowsa D persontomakeareasonedjudgementofsomething.Both 0 JamesMillandFlintautoworkersinvolvedwiththeir  localunionnewspaperbelievedinthisprinciple.(see   TheComputeras_Democratizer_,TheAmateur  АComputerist,Fall1992,Vol.4No.5and TheStoryof  theSearchlight,Flint,Michigan,1987.) t Forexample,from:Jean-FrancoisMessier  `   Sincethat,myattitudestootherpeoples,racesand  L  religionschanged,sinceIhadmorechancestotalkwith  8  otherpeoplesaroundtheworld.Whenfirstexchanging | $  mailwithpeoplefromYellowknife,Yukon,Ihadareal h   strangefeeling:Gettingmessagesandchattingwith T  peoplethatfarfromme.Inoticedaroundmethatalot @  ofpeoplehaveopinionsandpositionsaboutpoliticsthat ,  areforthemselves,withoutknowingothers.    BecauseIhaveamuchbroaderviewoftheworld  now,Ichangedandammoreconciliatoryandpeaceful  withotherpeople.Writingtosomeoneyouneversaw,  changesthewayyouwrite,also,the_instancy_Ԁofthe p transmissionmakestheconversationmuchmore'live' \ thanwaitingforthedamnslowpapermail. H   Telecommunicationsopenedtheworldtomeand 4 changedmyvisionsofpeopleandcountries8. x  From:Anthony_Berno_ d    Icouldnotbegintotellyouhowdifferentmylife P wouldbewithouttheNet.Mylifewouldbeshortabout < adozenpeople,someofthemcentral,Iwouldbewal ( lowinginignoranceonseveralsignificantsubjects,and  mymindwouldbelackingmanybroadeningandenlight  eninginfluences.A9+)Z-dE X-A  From:HenryChoy     Morethingstolookat.Increasedperspectiveon  l! life.Thecomputernetworkbringspeopleclosertogether, !X" andpermitsthemtospeakatwilltoalargeaudience.I "D # recommendthatthetelecommunicationsandcomputer #0!$ industrymakelargescalecomputernetworkingaccessi t$"% bletothegeneralpublic.It'slikemakingplacesaccessi `%#& bletothehandicapped.Peoplebroughtclosertogether L&#' willreleasesomeexistingsocialtensions.Peopleneed 8'$( tobeheard,andtheyneedtohear. $(%) From:PaulReady )&*   Youdon'thavetogotoanothercountrytomeet )'+ peoplefromthere.Itisnotthesameaspersonally *(, knowingthem,butIalwayspayspecialattentionto +|)- informationfrompeopleoutsidetheStates.Theyare ,h*. likelytohaveadifferentperspectiveonthings. -T+/  .@,0 From:_Leandra_ԀDean X0  5 Ilovetostudypeople,andtheNethasbeenthe D1 bestpossibleresourcetothisend.TheNetistrulya 02 windowtotheworld,andwithoutitwecouldonlyhope 3 tophysicallymeetvirtuallythousandsofpeopleevery 4 daytogainthesameinsights.Ishuddertothinkabout 5 howdifferentandclosedinmylifewouldbewithout 6 theNet. t7 ____________________________________________  `8 E.MATERIALCHANGESTOPEOPLE'SLIVES  L9 ANDLIFESTYLES.  8 :  5 Weliveinthephysicalrealworldmaterialspace. h  < TheNetformsavirtualspaceofinformation.Thecon T = nections,interfacesorcollaborationsbetweenthesetwo @ > worldsformaninterestingareaofstudy.Netizensattest , ? tothepoweroftheNetbyexplainingtheeffecttheNet @ hashadontheirlives.Becauseoftheinformationavail A ableandthenewconnectionspossible,peoplehaveboth B changedthewaytheylivetheirlivesandmaterial C possessionstheyhave.Thereareexamplesofboth pD changesinthematerialpossessionsandchangesin \E lifestyle.Thechangestolifestyleareprobablythemore HF profoundchanges,butthenewconnectionsmade 4G possibleareimportant.Oftenthematerialgainsarenot x H financial,butrathertheredistributionofworthwhile d I goodsthatmighthavelostpersonalvaluebutcirculate PJ amongotherswhoitwouldbeworthwhilefor. <K From:WilliamCarroll (L  5 Primarilybecauseoftheinformationandsupport M from_rec.bikes_,threeyearsagoIgaveupdrivingto N workandstartedridingmybike.Itsoneofthebest O decisionsI'veevermade. P AResponseIreceivedviaE-Mail:  lQ  5 WhenIstartedusing_ForumNet_Ԁ(achatprogram !XR similartoirc,butsmaller"[Nowcalled_icb_])backin "D S #X`XX:X`G#:X`XXX`January1990,Iwasfairlyshyandinsecure8Ihadafew #0!T closefriendsbutwasslowatmakingnewones.Within t$"U afewweeks,on_ForumNet_,Ifoundmyselfabletobe `%#V open,articulate,andwell-likedinthisvirtualenviron L&#W ment.Soon,thisdiscoverybegantoaffectmybehavior 8'$X in realface-to-faceinteraction.Imetsomeofmy $(%Y computerfriendsinpersonandtheymademefeelso )&Z goodaboutmyself,likeIreallycouldbemyselfand )'[ converseandbelikedandwanted. *(\  5 Ofcourse,computer-mediatedsocialinteractionis +|)] notproperlyacrutchtosubstituteforface-to-face ,h*^ encounters,buttheabilitytoconverseviakeyboardand -T+_ modemwithrealpeopleattheotherendofthelinehas .@,` translatedintothereal-lifeabilityformetoreachoutto X peoplewithoutthemediatinguseofacomputer.Mylife D hasimproved.Iwouldn'ttrademyexperiencewiththe 0 Netforanything.  From:JackFrisch    ImustbeginmycommentsontheInternetwith  onesimpleyetsignificantstatement:theavailabilityand  useoftheInternetischangingmylifeprofoundly. t From:CaroleE.Mah  `   Ialsousedtofacilitateavegetarianlist,which  L  radicallyalteredmanypeople'slives,offeringthem  8  accesstomail-orderfoods,recipes,andfriendshipvia | $  net-contactwithpeoplewholiveinareaswherenon h   meatalternativesarereadilyavailable. T  From:Charles_Bandes_ @    I'vespentthreeofmyfouryearshereattheRhode ,  IslandSchoolofDesignactivelyhookedintothenet,and  I'vegottosaythatit'sbeenofgreatinfluencetome.I've  metanumberofcorrespondentswithwhomI'veswapp  edartandideas,aswellasfindingmudsandmushes,  whereIwasabletotestoutmyideasonvastquantities p ofpeople.Theabilitytoaccessinformationinstantlyhas \ changedmyoutlookonarttoacertaindegree,I've H becomeveryinterestedinnetworkedart,e-mail-art, 4 hypertext,multimedia,andmailartingeneral,andthe x  Netisatleastpartiallytothankforit.Ihaveswapped d  snailmail_mail_Ԅartaswellasdigitalimagesacrossthe P countrywithartistsImetonline,aswellascollaborating < onwrittenprojectsviathenet. ( From:_Jann_Ԁ_VanOver_    Well,thefirstthingIthoughtofispurchasesI've  madethroughtheNetwhichhave changedmylifeI  drovemySubaruStationwagonuntillastfallwhenI   acquiredaVWCampervanthatIsawonalocalNetad.  l! Iwasn'tlookingforavan,wasn'tevenshoppingfor !X" anothervehicle,butthesecondtimethisadscrolledby "D # me,Ilookedintoitandeventuallyboughtit.Iwill #0!$ certainlysaythatdrivinga23yearoldVWcampervan t$"% haschangedmylife!IthoughtIwouldberidiculed,but `%#& havefoundthatpeoplehavealotofrespectandad L&#' mirationforthiscar! 8'$(   ThroughtheNet,IheardthatRogerWaterswas $(%) goingtoA9+)Z-dE X-A߀perform TheWallagain,aneventIhadpro )&* misedmyselfnottomiss,soImadeatriptoBerlin(East )'+ andWest)in1990toseethisconcert.ThiswasCER *(, TAINLYalifechangingevent,seeingBerlinlessthan +|)- oneweekaftertheroadswereopenwithnocheckpoints ,h*. required.Idon'tthinkIwouldhaveknownaboutitsoon -T+/ enoughifnotfortheNet. .@,0 From:RobDean X0  5 Asforme,mymainhobbyisandwasplaying D1 _wargames_Ԁandrole-playinggames.Netaccesshasal 02 lowedmetodiscussthesegameswithplayersacrossthe 3 world,pickingupnewideas,andgatheringopinionson 4 newgamesbeforespendingmoneyonthem.Inaddition, 5 I'vebeenabletobuyandsellgamesviaNetconnec 6 tions,allowingmetoadjustmycollectionofgamesto t7 meetmycurrentinterests,andgetgamesthatIno  `8 longerwantedtopeoplewhodowantthem,whether  L9 theylivedowntheroadfrommeinMaryland,orin  8 : Canada,Austria,Finland,GermanyorIsrael. | $ ;  5 IhavealsotakenanEsperantocourseviae-mail, h  < andcorrespondirregularlyinEsperantowithinterested T = partiesworldwide. @ > From:_Caryn_ԀK.Roberts , ?  5 Usenet&Internet(whatIthinkyoumeantby @  Net)areavailabletomeatworkandby_dialup_Ԁcon A nectiontoworkfromhome.Ihavebeenmaterially B enrichedbytheuseoftheNet.Ihavemanagedtosell C itemsInolongerneeded.Ihavebeenabletopurchase pD itemsfromothersforgoodprices.Ihavesavedmoney \E andamdoingmyparttorecycletechnologyinsteadof HF addingburdenstothemunicipalwastedisposalservice. 4G  5 UsingtheNetIhavealsobeenenrichedbydis x H cussionsandinformationfoundinnumerousnews d I groupsfrom_sci.med_Ԁto_sci.skeptic_Ԁtomanyofthe PJ comp.*groups.Ihaveofferedadvicetosolveproblems <K andhavebeenabletosolveproblemsIhadbyusing (L informationintheseforums. M ____________________________________________ N F.THENETASASOURCEOFENORMOUSRE O SOURCES: P  5 BeforetheNetwasknownasanenormoussocial !XR network,itwasdevelopedtoprovideasharingof "D S resources.Manypeopleoriginallyjoinedinorderto #0!T takeadvantageofthoseinformationresourcestheyhad t$"U heardabout.Thefollowingaresomeexamplesofways `%#V АNetizensutilizetheinformationresourcesavailableon L&#W theNet. 8'$X From:TimNorth $(%Y  5 I'mfacultyhereat8UniversityandIusetheNet )&Z asamajorsourceoftechnicalinformationformy )'[ lectures,up-to-dateproductinformation,andinformed *(\ opinion.AssuchIfindthatIamconstantlybetter +|)] informedthanthepeoplearoundme.(Thatsoundsvain, ,h*^ butit'snotmeanttobe.It'ssimplymeanttoemphasize -T+_ howstronglyIfeelthat#X`XX:X` #theNetisasuperbinformation .@,` resource.) X From:_R.J._ԀWhite D   IusedtheNettofindpartsformy1971Opel_GT_. 0 IwaslivinginNorthAmericaatthetime,andgoing  throughthenormalchannels,likeGM,arenogood.The  Netwaslikeanuntappedresource.  From:JohnHarper    Usesofthenetwork(1)Ionceaskedaquestion t aboutanobscurepointinhistoryofmath.onthesci  ` .mathnewsgroupandgotausefulanswerfromExeter,  L  UK.BeforehandIhadnoideawhereanyoneknowing  8  theanswermightbe.IhaddrawnablankinOxford.(2) | $  Iaskedaquestionaboutaslightlylessobscurepointon h   _comp.lang.fortran_Ԁwhichgeneratedalong(andhelpful) T  discussionontheNetforaweekortwo. @  From:PaulReady ,    Yes,itisaworldwiderapiddistributioncenterof  information,ontopicsbothpopularandobscure.Itmay  notmaketheinformationmorevaluable,butitcertainly  increasestheinformation,andthepropagationofinfor  mation.Tothoseconnected,itisavaluableresource. p Flamewarsaside,alotofgenerallyinaccessibleinfor \ mationisreadilyavailable. H From:Lee_Rothstein_ 4   Usenetandmailinglistscreateagroupofpeople x  whoaremotivatedandcapableoftalkingaboutaspecific d  topic.Thesoftwareallowsdeeplycontextualconversa P tionstooccurwithaminimumofrehash.Asexperience < developswiththemedium,eachuserrealizesthatthe ( otherthathetalkstoorwilltalktogenerallyhelp  him/her,andcandohim/hernoharmbecauseofthe  remotenessimposedbythecable.  From:LuAnnJohnson     Hi!Usenetcametomyrescue"I'malibrarian  l! andwasworkingwithagroupofstudentsonamarketing !X" project.Theyweremarketingamakebelieveproduct" "D # acompactdiscof musichitsofthe70's.Theyneeded #0!$ asourcetotellthemhowmuchitcosttoproduceaCD t$"% "withoutmastering,etc.Iexhaustedallmyprint `%#& resourcessoIpostedthequestioninabusiness L&#' Аnewsgroup.WithinhoursIlearnedfromseveralcom 8'$( paniesthatitcostabout$1.50toproduceaCD:)The $(%) studentswereverygratefultogettheinformation. )&* From:Laura_Goodin_ )'+   Iteachself-defense,andjustyesterdayinrec *(, .martial-artsomeonepostedinformationaboutastudy +|)- ontheeffectivenessofMaceforself-defensethatIhad ,h*. beenlookingfor_for_Ԁyears. -T+/ From:CliffRoberts .@,0  5 IhavebeenusingInternetthroughaprogramin X0 NewJerseytobringthefieldsofScienceandMathto D1 grammarschoolchildrengradesK-8. 02  5 Wehaveimplementedasystemwheretheclass 3 roomsareequippedwithPC'sandareabletodialinto 4 aUNIXsystem.Theretheycansende-mailandpost 5 questionstoa_KidsQuest_ԀID.TheIDthenroutesthe 6 questionstovolunteerswithaccountsonUNIX.The t7 scientiststhenanswerorgiveadviceofwheretofind  `8 theinformationtheywant.  L9  5 Anotherwellacceptedfeatureistolistoutthe  8 : А_soc.penpals_Ԁlistande-mailpeopleindifferentcountries | $ ; thatarebeingstudiedintheschools. h  < From:Joe_Farrenkopf_ T =  5 IthinkUsenetisaveryinterestingthing.Forme, @ > it'smostlyjustawaytopass(waste:-)timewhenbored. , ? However,Ihavegottensomeveryusefulthingsfrom @ it.Thereisonegroupinparticularcalledcomp A А._lang.fortran_,andonseveraloccasionswhenI'vehada B problemwritingaprogram,Iwasabletoposttothis C grouptogetsomehelptofindoutwhatIwasdoing pD wrong.Inthesecases,itwasaninvaluableresource. \E ____________________________________________ HF G.COLLECTIVEWORK 4G  5 Asnewconnectionsaremadebetweenpeoplemore d I ideastravelovergreaterdistances.Thisallowseither PJ like-mindedpeopleorcomplementarypeopletocome <K intouchwitheachother.Thevariedresourcesofthe (L networksallowthesesamepeopletokeepintoucheven M iftheywouldn'thavebeenabletobeintouchbefore. N ElectronicMailallowsenoughdetailtobecontainedin O amessagethatmostifnotallcommunicationscantake P placeentirelyelectronically.Thismediumallowsfor  lQ newformsofcollaborativeworktoformandthrive. !XR Newformsofresearchwillprobablyarisefromsuch "D S possibilities.Herearesomeexamples: #0!T From:WayneHathaway t$"U  5 One'unusual'useImadeoftheNethappenedin `%#V 1977.(_Yep_,itexistedandhadmostofthee-mailinfra L&#W structureinplacebythen.) 8'$X  5 Alongwithfiveother'NetFolks'Iwrotethefol $(%Y lowingpaper:'TheARPAnetTELNETProtocol:Its )&Z Purpose,Principles,Implementation,andImpacton )'[ HostOperatingSystemDesign,'withDavidson,Postel, *(\ _Mimno_,Thomas,andWalden:FifthDataCommunica +|)] tionsSymposium,Snowbird,UT;September27-29, ,h*^ 1977. -T+_ kX`XXX`A9+)>-dE X-A#X`XXkX`QG# 5 What'ssounusualaboutacollaborativepaper,you .@,` ask?SimplythatthesixofusneverevenmadeaTELE X PHONEcallaboutthepaper,muchlesshadameeting D oranything.LiterallyEVERYTHING"fromthefirst 0 ideasina'broadcast'mailtothedistributionofthefinal  'troff-ready'version"wasdonewithe-mail.    Thesedaysthismightnotbesuchadeal,butitwas  interestingbackthen.  From:Paul_Gillingwater_ t   AboutthemostinterestingthinghereinVienna  ` wasanon-linecomputermediatedartforumearlierthis  L  month,withvideoconferencingbetweentwocities,plus  8  anon-linediscussioninavirtualMUD-typeconference | $  laterthatevening. h   AResponseIreceivedviae-mail: T    Inresponsetoyourquestionabouthavingfunon @  thenet,andbeingcreative,oneincidentcomestomind. ,  Ihadmetawomanon_ForumNet_Ԁ(asystemlikeIRC).  SheandItalkedandtalkedaboutallsortsofthings.One  night,wefeltespeciallyartistic.Weco-wroteapoem  overthecomputer.I'dtypeafewwords,she'dpickup  whereIleftoff(inthemiddleofsentencesorwherever) p andonandon.Idon'tthinkwehadanyideawhatitwas \ goingtobeintheend,thematicallyorstructurally. H   Intheend,wehadaverygoodpoem,onethatI 4 wouldtrytopublishifIknewherwhereaboutsany x  more8 d  ____________________________________________ P H.IMPROVINGQUALITYOFEVERYDAYLIFE <   Informationflowcantakevariousshapes.The  strangestandperhapsmostinterestingoneishow  emotioncanbeattachedtoinformationflow.Theyoften  seemliketwoverydifferentthings.Ireceivedalarge   numberofresponsesthatreportedreal-lifemarriages  l! arisingfromNetmeetings.TheNetfacilitatesthemeet !X" ingofpeopleoflikeinterestsThenewnessoftheNet "D # meanswecannotfullyunderstanditasofyet. #0!$ From:_Caryn_ԀK.Roberts t$"%   IhavefoundfriendsontheNet.Alover.Andtwo `%#& ofthefriendsImet,alsometonlineandgotmarried.I L&#' attendedthewedding(inCalifornia). 8'$( From:ScottKitchen $(%)   IthinkIcanaddsomethingforyourpaper.Imet )&* myfiancee4yearsagooverthenet.IwasatOhioState, )'+ andshewasinPrinceton,andwestartedtalkingabout *(, anarticleofhersI'dreadin_rec.games.frp_.Wegotto +|)- talking,eventuallymet,foundwelikedeachother,and ,h*. therestishistory.We'llbemarryingsoon.ScottKitchen -T+/ (e-mail)JenniferDoyle(e-mail) .@,0 From:_jj_ X0  5 Well,Imetmyspousebyhavinganargument D1 withA9+)j-dE X-Aherabouthowtomakepiecrustin_net.cooks_. 02 recipes(thiswasawhileago,needlesstosay). 3 From:Greg WolvesWoodbury 4  5 ImetthewomanwhobecamemywifewhenI 5 startedtalkingtothefolksat _phs_(thethirdsiteofthe 6 originalUsenet)duringthedevelopmentofNetNews. t7 IwouldnothavebeenwanderingaroundthatareaifI  `8 hadn'tbeeninterestedinthedevelopmentofthenet.  L9 From:Laura_Goodin_  8 :  5 Andnow,theBESTstory:abouteightmonthsago | $ ; Iwasbrowsing_soc.culture.australia_ԀandInoticeda h  < messagefromanAustraliancomposerstudyinginthe T = USaboutanalternativetuneto WaltzingMatilda.I @ > wascurious,soIrespondedine-mail,requestingthe , ? tuneandjustsortofshootingthebreeze.Webeganan @ e-mailcorrespondencethatsoonincorporatedvoice A callsaswell.Onethingledinexorablytoanotherand B wefellinlove(beforewemetfacetoface,actually). C Wedideventuallymeetfacetoface.Lastmonthhe pD proposedovertheInternet(in_soc.culture.australia_)and \E Iaccepted.Congratulatorymessagescameinfromall HF overtheUnitedStates,Australia,andNewZealand. 4G Houston(that'shisname)andIkeepourphonebills x H fromresemblingthenationaldebtbysending10or12 d I e-mailsaday(we'rewellover1400foreightmonths PJ now),andchattingusingIRC.Along-distancerela <K tionshipishellish,butthepainiseasedsomewhatby (L theInternet. M From:_Chuq_ԀVon_Rospach_ N  5 (oh,andinthe howtheNetmademynon-netlife O bettercategory,Imetmywifeviathenet.Doesthat P count?)  lQ ____________________________________________ !XR I.WORK "D S  5 Thefluidconnectionsandtherapidlychanging t$"U natureofthenetworksmaketheNetawelcomeMedia `%#V forjobhuntersandjobplacers.TheNetworkshavea L&#W largeturnoverofpeoplewhoarelookingforjobs.The 8'$X advertisingisfreeandcanbeperpetuatedaslongasthe $(%Y jobisoffered.E-mailallowsforthequickandeasy )&Z applicationsbysendingresumesinthee-mail.Compa )'[ niescanrespondquicklyandeasytosuchsubmissions, *(\ alsobye-mail. +|)]  5 Besidesfindingwork,theNethelpspeoplewhoare ,h*^ currentlyworkingpreformtheirjobinthebestmanner. -T+_ ManypeopleutilizetheNettoassistthemwiththeir .@,` jobs.Severalexamplesofbothfollow: X From:Laura_Goodin_ D   Mydivisionsuccessfullyrecruitedahighly-qual 0 ifiedconsultant(aFinnlivinginTasmania)todosome  workforus;theinitialannouncementwasoverUsenet;  subsequentnegotiationswerethroughe-mail.  A9+)h-dE X-AFrom:_jj_    I'vehiredpeopleoffthenet,andfrommeeting t theminmuds,whenIfindsomebodywhocanTHINK.  ` Peoplewhocanthinkarehardtofindanywhere.  L  From:DianaGregory  8    IhavelearnedtouseUNIX,andasaresultmaybe | $  abletokeep/advanceinmyjobduetothe'net. h   From:Neil_Galarneau_ T    Ithelpsmedomyjob(MSWindowsprogram @  ming)andithelpsmelearnnewthings(likeC++). ,  From:Kieran_Clulow_    TheInternetaccessprovidedmebytheuniversity  hasgreatlyfacilitatedmyabilitytobothuseandprogram  computersandthishashadthedirectresultofimproving  mygradesaswellasgainingmeagoodjobinthe p computerfield.LonglivetheInternet(andmakeit \ possibleforprivatecitizenstogetaccess!) H From:Mark_Gooley_ 4   Igotmyjobbyansweringapostingtoanews x  group. d  From:Anthony_Berno_ P   IdevelopforNEXTSTEP,andtheNetisvery < usefulingettingusefulprogramminghints,infoon ( productreleases,rumors,etc.  From:Greg WolvesWoodbury    DuetocontactsmadeviaUsenetande-mail,Igot  ajobasaconsultantatBTLin1981afterIlostmyjob   atDuke.Partofthequalificationsthatgotmeinthedoor  l! wasexperiencewithUsenet. !X" From:CaroleE.Mah "D #   Lastly,thenetworkhelpedmybestfriendgetajob, #0!$ helpedmefindanapartmentoneyear. t$"% ____________________________________________ `%#& J.IMPROVEDCOMMUNICATIONSWITHFRIENDS L&#'   Anotherwayofimprovingdailylifeisbymaking $(%) communicationswithfriendseasier.Thepenningofa )&* computerletterismakingtheartofletterwritingno )'+ longerathingofthepast.However,theimmediacyof *(, e-mailmeanslesscareismadeintheprocessofwriting. +|)- E-mail,IRCandnetnewsallowskeepingintouchwith ,h*. friendsoutsideone'slocalareamucheasier. -T+/ From:CaroleE.Mah .@,0  5 Italsofacilitatesgreatfriendships(mostofmy X0 friends,eveninmyowntown,Imetonthenetwork. D1 Thiscanoftenalleviatefeelingsoflonelinessand I'm 02 theonlyone,Imustbeapervertfeelingsamongqueer 3 peoplejustcomingoutofthecloset"theyhavea 4 wholeworldoflike-mindedpeopletoturnto"on 5 Usenet,onBITNETlists,onIRC,inpersonale-mail, 6 onBBSsandAOLtypeconferences,etc. t7 From:BillWalker  `8  5 Ialsohaveanoldanddearfriend(fromhigh  L9 school)wholivesintheSanFranciscoarea.AfterI  8 : movedtoSanDiego,wedidn'tdoverywellatkeeping | $ ; intouch.SheandItalkedonthephoneacoupleof h  < timesayear.Afterwediscoveredwewerebothonthe T = net,westartedcorrespondingviae-mail,andwenow @ > exchangemailseveraltimesaweek.So,theNethas , ? allowedmetokeepinmuchclosertouchwithagood @ friend.It'snothingthatcouldn'tbedonebyphone,or A snailmail,butsomehowwenevergotaroundtodoing B thosethings.E-mailisquick,easyandfunenoughthat C wedon'tputitoff. pD From:Anthony_Berno_ \E  5 Incidentally,itisalsooneofmyprimarymodes HF ofcommunicationwithmysister(wholivesinN.Z.)It's 4G moremeditativethanaphonecall,fasterthanaletter, x H andcheaperthaneitherofthem. d I From:_Jann_Ԁ_VanOver_ PJ  5 Apartfrompurchases,Ihavebeencontactedby: <K  5 1)averygoodfriendfromcollegewhoI'dlost (L trackof.SHEgotmarriedtoamanshemetinasingles M newsgroup(they'vebeenmarried2years+) N  5 2)someonewhowenttomyhighschool,knewa O lotofthesamepeopleIdid,butwedidn'tknoweach P other.Wearenow mailbuddies  lQ  5 3)anoldgirlfriendofmybrothers.Theywentout !XR foreightyears,butIlearnedmoreaboutherfromONE "D S e-mailletterthanIhadeverlearnedwhenmeetingher #0!T inperson. t$"U From:GodfreyNolan `%#V  5 Aboveallithelpsmekeepintouchwithfriends L&#W whoIwouldinevitablyloseotherwise.TheNethelps 8'$X thosethatmovearoundforeconomicreasonstolessen $(%Y theworstaspectsofleavingyourfriendsintheseries )&Z ofplacesthatyouoncecalledhome. )'[  5 Itsthebestthingsinceslicedbread. *(\ ____________________________________________ +|)] K.PROBLEMS ,h*^  5 Withallofthepositiveusesandadvantagesofthe .@,` Net,itisstillnotperfect.Theblind-viewofpeopleon X theNetseemstoshieldeveryone,butwomen.Thereis D arelativelylargemaletofemalepercentagepopulation 0 ontheNet.Thewomenfeeltheeffectsofthisdifference.  Womenwhohaveeasilyidentifiableusernamesor_IDs_  arepronetobethecenterofmuchattention.Whilethat  mightbegoodinitself,muchofthatattentioncanbeof  ahostileornegativenature.Thisattentionmightbe t detrimentaltowomenbeingactiveontheNet.Net  ` harassmentcanspreadagainstotheruserstoo.People  L  withunpopularideasneedtobestrongtowithstandthe  8  _outlash_Ԁofabusetheymightreceivefromothers. | $    Theworstnon-peopleproblemseemstobeinfor h   mationoverflow.Informationaddsupveryquicklyand T  itcanbehardtoorganizeitallandsortthrough.This @  problemshouldbeabletobesolvedasthetechnology ,  isdevelopedtohandlewhatisnowpossible.Asmylast  quoteinthissectiondescribes,userscanbeharassedby  otherusersforwhateverpurposes,andbytheinactivity  ofthepowerstructuretorespondtosuchproblems.This  isaproblemthatwillbehardtodealwithasitconcerns p politicsandpower,butoneofthemostimportant. \ From:Scott_Hatton_ H   Thereisaproblemwiththisbravenewworldin 4 thatalotofpeopledon'tappreciatethere'sanother x  humanbeingattheotherkeyboard.Flamingisareal d  problem"especiallyin_comp.misc_.Thisisallanew P facetofthetechnologyaswell.Peoplerarelytrade < insultsinreallifeliketheydoonInternet.There'sa ( tendencytostereotypeyouropponentintocategories.I  thinkthisisbecauseyou'renotaroundtowitnessthe  results.IfindthismoreonInternetnewsgroupsthanon  CompuServe.Ithinkthisisdowntomaturity"alotof   folkontheInternetarestudentswhoaren'tpayingfor  l! theirtimeonthesystem.ThoseonCompuServeare !X" normallyslightlyolder,notsohot-headedandarepaying "D # fortheirtime.Damn.NowI'matstereotypingnow.It #0!$ justgoestoshow8 t$"% From:Joe_Farrenkopf_ `%#&   ThereissomethingelseI'vediscoveredthatis L&#' reallyratherfascinating.Peoplecanbeincrediblyrude 8'$( whencommunicatingthroughthismedium.Forexample, $(%) sometimeago,Ipostedaquestiontolotsofdifferent )&* newsgroups,andmanypeoplefeltmyquestionwas )'+ inappropriatetotheirparticulargroup.Theywrotetome *(, andtoldmeso,usingamazinglynastywords.Iguessit's +|)- easiertoberudeifyoudon'thavetofaceaperson,but ,h*. cansaywhateveryouwantoveracomputer. -T+/ From:Brad_Kepley_ .@,0  5 Igetalittleirritatedwithpeoplealwaysclaiming X0 someoneelseiswastingbandwidthbecausetheydis D1 agreewiththem.Abouthalfthetimeitturnsoutthatthe 02 personbeingtoldtoshutupwasrightafterall.Then 3 again,whenyoulookatthingslike_alt.binaries_Ԁ._pic 4 tures.erotica_Ԁandothernonbandwidthwastingactiv 5 ities,itseemsalmostcomicaltomewhensomeonesays 6 this.Thereisnothingmorewastefulthan95%ofwhat t7 Usenetisusedfor.It'sajoketosaythataparticular  `8 personiswastingit.Tosaythattheyareoff-topic  L9 makesmoresense.  8 :  5 Iguessthisisjustagriperatherthanwhatyouare | $ ; lookingfor.Wastingbandwidthagain.:) h  < A9+)P-dE X-AFrom:_Patt_ԀLeonard T =  5 Inresponsetoyourrequestforexamplesof @ > harassmentonthenet,Iwouldpointyoutosomeofthe , ? older(fourmonths?fivemonths?)discussiononthe @ Usenetnewsgroup_soc.culture.soviet_.Togeneralize A grossly,someofthemaleRussiansandRussianemigres B arereallysavagetowardwomenonthenet,andwilling C togleefullyhoundthemoffwithobscenitiesandhostile pD messages.TherewasanAmericanwomen(signedher \E namePatriciaSchwartz,Ithink,thoughhermailheader HF saidMargaret"ormaybeIhavethatbackwards)" 4G therewasthisAmericanwoman,stayinginMoscow, x H postingherimpressionsofthecity,andsomepoetry, d I andwhateverelseshefeltlike.Ididn'tcareforher PJ poetry,butsomeofherobservationswereinteresting. <K TheRussianmen(notallofthem"someofthem (L defendedher)weremercilesstoher.Shepostedanote M sayingshehad_had_Ԁamiscarriage,andsomemanwrote N back,sayinghewishedthatshehadbledtodeath.Their O harassmentwasnotofme*directly*,butthesemes P sagescreatedanenvironmentsohostile,thatIam  lQ reluctanttopostanythingonthatgroup.Itisavery !XR male-dominateddiscussion,andthatisdue,inpart,to "D S thefactthatsomemenpostingonitaresounrestrained #0!T intheirmisogyny. t$"U ____________________________________________ `%#V CONCLUSION L&#W  5 Despitetheproblems,forpeopleoftheworld,the $(%Y Netprovidesapowerfulwayofpeacefulassembly. )&Z Peacefulassemblyallowspeopletotakecontrolover )'[ theirlives,ratherthancontrolbeinginthehandsof *(\ others.Thispowerhastobehonoredandprotected.Any +|)] mediumortoolthathelpspeopletoholdorgainpower ,h*^ issomethingthatisspecialandhastobeprotected.(See -T+_  TheComputeras_Democratizer_inTheAmateur .@,` Computerist,Vol.4No.5,Fall1992) X kX`XXX`  TheNethasmadeavaluableimpactonhumanso D ciety.Asmyresearchhasdemonstrated,people'slives 0 havebeensubstantiallyimprovedviatheirconnection  totheNet.Thissetsthebasisforprovidingaccesstoall  insociety.#X`XXkX`i#AsJ.C.R.LickliderandRobertTaylorwrote:   Forthesociety,theimpactwillbegoodorbadde  pendingmainlyonthequestion:Willtobeonlinebe t aprivilegeoraright?Ifonlyafavoredsegmentofthe  ` populationgetsachancetoenjoytheadvantageofintel  L  ligenceamplification,thenetworkmayexaggeratethe  8  discontinuityinthespectrumofintellectualopportunity. | $  (40) h   kX`XXX`  SocietywillimproveifNetaccessismadeavailable T  topeopleasahole.Onlyifaccessisuniversalwillthe @  Netitselfadvance.#X`XXkX`)#ԀTheubiquitousconnectionisneces ,  saryfortheNettoencompassallpossibleresources.One  Netvisionaryrespondedtomyresearchbycallingfor  universalaccess.SteveWelchwrites: Ifwecangetto  thepointwhereanyonewhogetsoutofhighschoolalive  hasusedcomputerstocommunicateontheNetora p reasonablefacsimileorsuccessortoit,thenweasa \ societywillbenefitinwaysnotcurrentlyunderstandable. H Whenaccesstoinformationisasubiquitousasaccess 4 tothephonesystem,allHellwillbreakloose.Betonit. x    Steveisright, allHellwillbreaklooseinthemost d  positiveofwaysimaginable.ThomasPaine,Jean P АJacquesRousseau,thoseresponsiblefortheBillof < RightsandFrenchDeclarationoftheRightsofMan,and ( theallfightersfordemocracywouldhavebeenproud.    AsLickliderpredicted,theNetisfundamentally  changingthewaypeopleliveandwork.Summingupthe  importantpotentialoftheNet,PaulReadyobserved:    Newsandtransferofdataarerevolutionaryintheir  l! speedandthewaytheyaredone.Itislikelytochangethe !X" waythingsareproducedinthefuturejustasother "D # advancesincommunicationsinthepastdid:roads, #0!$ printingpresses,relayed ponyexpressmail,railroad, t$"% cars,airplanes,tv/r_adio_,andthetelephonehaveall `%#& dramaticallychangedthewaythingsweredone,and L&#' computersalreadyaretoo. 8'$( ____________________________________________ $(%) BIBLIOGRAPHY )&*   Hauben,Michael, TheSocialForcesBehindthe *(, DevelopmentofUsenetNews,TheAmateurCom +|)- puteristnewsletter,Vol5No1-2Winter/Spring1993. ,h*.   Hauben,Michael, TheComputeras_Democratizer_, .@,0 AmateurComputerist,Vol.4No.5,Fall1992. X0  5 Licklider,J.C.R.andAlbertVezza, Applications 02 ofInformationSystems,ProceedingsoftheIEEE,Nov 3 1978. 4  5 Licklider,J.C.R.andRobertTaylor, TheCom 6 puterasaCommunicationDevicefrom In t7 АMemoriam:J.C.R.Licklider1915-1990,Aug.7,1990,  `8 p.40;reprintedbypermissionfromDigitalResearch  L9 Center;originallypublishedas TheComputerasa  8 : CommunicationDevice,inScienceandTechnology, | $ ; April,1968,p.40. h  <  5 PersonalComputing,October1989,(SpecialIssue @ >  ComputinginAmericaIV), FightingCityHallat , ? 2400Baud,p.170-172. @  5 Quarterman,John,TheMatrix,DigitalPress, B Bedford,Mass.,1990. C  5 Smith,Adam,TheWealthofNations,London, \E 1776. HF  5 Stefferud,Einar,in ConneXions,Vol3No10, x H October1989,p.21. d I A9+) xdEOA PJ   % ? <XX`xD<A9+)L-dE X-AProposedDeclarationofthe #N   RightsofNetizens#<xDg##X`X<H#  7O , 5 [Note:Thefollowingisabeginningefforttoput 7 Q togetheraDeclarationoftheRightsofNetizensanda #!R requestforotherNetizenscontributions,ideas,and "S suggestionsofwhatrightsshouldbeincluded.] " T  5 InrecognitionthattheNetrepresentsarevolution ${"V inhumancommunicationsthatwasbuiltbyacoopera %g#W tivenon-commercialprocess,thefollowingDeclaration &S$X oftheRightsoftheNetizenispresentedforNetizen '?%Y comment. (+&Z  5 AsNetizensarethosewhotakeresponsibilityand o)'[ carefortheNet,thefollowingareproposedtobetheir [*(\ rights: G+(]  5 *Universalaccessatnoorlowcost 3,)^  5 *FreedomofElectronicExpressiontopromote -*_  5 theexchangeofknowledgewithoutfearofrepri  .+` sal X   *UncensoredExpression D   *AccesstoBroadDistribution 0   *UniversalandEqualaccesstoknowledgeand    information    *Considerationofone'sideasontheirmerits    *Nolimitationtoaccesstoread,topostandto    otherwisecontribute t   *Equalqualityofconnection  `   *Equaltimeofconnection  L    *NoOfficialSpokesperson  8    *Upholdthepublicgrassrootspurposeand | $    participation h     *VolunteerContribution"nopersonalprofitfrom T    thecontributionfreelygivenbyothers @    *Protectionofthepublicpurposefromthosewho ,    woulduseitfortheirprivateandmoneymaking    purposes    TheNetisnotaPrivilegebutaRight.Itisonlyval  uablewhenitiscollectiveanduniversal.Volunteereffort p protectstheintellectualandtechnologicalcommon \ wealththatisbeingcreated.DONOTUNDERESTI H MATETHEPOWEROFTHENETANDNETIZENS. 4   Inspirationfrom:RFC3(1969),ThomasPaine,Dec x  larationofIndependence(1776),Declarationofthe d  RightsofManandoftheCitizen(1789),NSFkX`XXX`Accept P ableUsePolicy,JeanJacquesRousseau,andthecurrent < cryforDemocracyworldwide. ( #X`XXkX`#kX`XXX`A9+)L-dE X-A߀ 8whatspastisprologue;whattocome,inyoursand#X`XXkX`_#kX`XXX`  mydischarge.   `   0 WilliamShakespeare#X`XXkX`$#kX`XXX`  #X`XXkX`Ҿ#_wN{A1-j<<4 p@EX!< 4 ! w_ XVXV              XVXV .@,0 ЇnNl{8($h 8`  pE  4 n~N{||||@0,hx ` EXXv~ %%      %%